Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s

This entry contains Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s f

1. tongue

Declension

Hysterokinetic inflection.

Declension of *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂es
Vocative	*dn̥ǵʰweh₂	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂es
Accusative	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂m / *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ām	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ns / *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ās
Instrumental	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂éh₁	?	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰí
Dative	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂éy	?	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂mós
Ablative	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂és	?	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂mós
Genitive	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂és	?	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂óHom
Locative	*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂(i)	?	*dn̥ǵʰuh₂sú

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: լեզու (lezu) (influenced by լիզեմ (lizem, “to lick”))
    • Armenian: լեզու (lezu)
• Baltic: *inźuH (loss of d- regular before -n̥-)
  • Lithuanian: liežùvis (influenced by liẽžti "to lick")
  • Old Prussian: insuwis
• Celtic: *tangʷāt
  • Old Irish: tengae
    • Irish: teanga
    • Manx: çhengey
    • Scottish Gaelic: teanga
  • Breton: teod
  • Cornish: taves
  • Welsh: tafod
• Germanic: *tungǭ
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Indic:
    • Sanskrit: जिह्वा (jihvā)
      • Bengali: জিহ্বা (jihba)
      • Gujarati: જીભ (jībh)
      • Hindi: जीभ (jībh)
      • Nepali: जिब्रो (jibrō)
      • Punjabi: ਜੀਭ (jībh)
      • Telugu: జిహ్వ (jihva)
      • Urdu: جیبھ (jībh)
  • Iranian: *hiźu̯ā-
    • West Iranian:
      • Baluchi: زوان (zawán)
      • Parthian: izβān
      • Kurdish: ziman
      • Talysh: zıvon
      • Zazaki: zıwan
      • Middle Persian: uzvān
        • Persian زبان (zabân)
          • Tajik забон (zabon)
    • East Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬵𐬍𐬰𐬏𐬁 (hizvā)
      • Yaghnobi: зивок (zivók)
      • Pashto ژبه (žəba)
      • Wakhi: zik
      • Ossetic: æвзаг (ævzag)
  • Nuristani:
    • Kamviri: dic
• Italic: *dn̥χ(u)wā
  • Oscan: fangvam (acc. sg.), fancua (nom. pl.) (< *fənχwā)
  • Old Latin: dingua
    • Latin: lingua (influenced by linguere "to lick")
      • Aragonese: luenga
      • Aromanian: limbã
      • Asturian: llingua
      • Catalan: llengua
      • Corsican: lingua
      • Esperanto: lingvo
      • Emiliano-Romagnolo: langua
      • French: langue
      • Galician: lingua
      • Italian: lingua
      • Ladino: lingua
      • Ligurian: lengua
      • Lombard: lengua
      • Mirandese: lhéngua
      • Neapolitan: lengua
      • Sardinian: limba
      • Sicilian: lingua
      • Spanish: lengua
      • Occitan: lenga
      • Piedmontese: lenga
      • Portuguese: língua
      • Romanian: limbă
      • Rumantsch: lingua
      • Venetian: łéngua
• Slavic: *(j)ęzykъ < *inźuH-kas (loss of d- regular before -n̥-)
• Tocharian: *käntwo, metathesis of *tänkwo
  • Tocharian A: käntu
  • Tocharian B: kantwo