Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h₂érh₃trom

This entry contains Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) +‎ *-trom (“instrumental suffix”).

Noun

*h₂érh₃tromn

1. plough, ard

Declension

Declension of *h₂érh₃trom

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*h₂érh₃trom	*h₂érh₃troy(h₁)	*h₂érh₃treh₂
Vocative	*h₂érh₃trom	*h₂érh₃troy(h₁)	*h₂érh₃treh₂
Accusative	*h₂érh₃trom	*h₂érh₃troy(h₁)	*h₂érh₃treh₂
Instrumental	*h₂érh₃troh₁	?	*h₂érh₃trōys
Dative	*h₂érh₃troey	?	*h₂érh₃tro(y)mos
Ablative	*h₂érh₃tread	?	*h₂érh₃tro(y)mos
Genitive	*h₂érh₃trosyo	?	*h₂érh₃trooHom
Locative	*h₂érh₃trey	?	*h₂érh₃troysu

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: արաւր (arawr), հարաւր (harawr)
    • Armenian: արոր (aror)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Baltic:
    • Latvian: arkls
    • Lithuanian: arklas
  • Slavic: *ordlo
    • Russian: рало, орало
• Celtic:
  • Old Irish: arathar
  • Welsh: aradr
• Germanic: *arþrą
  • Old Norse: arðr
    • Danish: ard
    • Norwegian: ard
    • Old Swedish: arþer
      • Swedish: årder
  • Finnish: aura (loanword)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἄροτρον (árotron)
• Italic:
  • Latin: arātrum
    • Italian: aratro
    • Portuguese: arado
    • Romanian: arat
    • Spanish: arado, aradro

References

• 2008, Ola Wikander, Ett träd med vida grenar: de indoeuropeiska språkens historia (in Swedish), Stockholm: Prisma, ISBN 978-91-518-5139-6:
• årder in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)