Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h₂érye-

This entry contains Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

*-ye- present of the root *h₂erh₃-. The laryngeal h₃ was lost by regular sound change.

Verb

*h₂érye- (present)

1. to plough

Conjugation

Conjugation of *h₂éryeti (primary thematic present in -ye-, active)

		Present indicative	Imperfect indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
Singular	1st	*h₂éryoh₂	*h₂éryom	*h₂éryōh₂	*h₂éryoyh₁m̥	-
	2nd	*h₂éryesi	*h₂éryes	*h₂éryēsi	*h₂éryoys	*h₂érye
	3rd	*h₂éryeti	*h₂éryed	*h₂éryēti	*h₂éryoyd	*h₂éryetu
Dual	1st	*h₂éryowos	*h₂éryowe	*h₂éryōwos	*h₂éryoywe	-
	2nd	*h₂éryetes	*h₂éryetom	*h₂éryētes	*h₂éryoytom	*h₂éryetom
	3rd	*h₂éryetes	*h₂éryetām	*h₂éryētes	*h₂éryoytām	*h₂éryetām
Plural	1st	*h₂éryomos	*h₂éryome	*h₂éryōmos	*h₂éryoyme	-
	2nd	*h₂éryete	*h₂éryete	*h₂éryēte	*h₂éryoyte	*h₂éryete
	3rd	*h₂éryonti	*h₂éryond	*h₂éryōnti	*h₂éryoyh₁end	*h₂éryontu

Participle: *h₂éryonts (gen. *h₂éryontos); fem. *h₂éryontih₂ (gen. *h₂éryontieh₂s)

Descendants

• Balto-Slavic:
  • Lithuanian: arti (present aria)
  • Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: орати (orati)
    • Serbo-Croatian: orati
• Germanic: *arjaną
• Ancient Greek: ἀρῶ (arô), ἀρόω (aróō)
• Italic:
  • Latin: arō (“I plough”)
    • Italian: arare
    • Portuguese: arar
    • Romanian: ara
    • Spanish: arar

References