Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/kʷis

This entry contains Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Pronoun

*kʷis, *kʷos m, *kʷih₂, *kʷeh₂ f, *kʷid, *kʷod n

1. what, that, which (interrogative/indefinite pronoun)

Declension

Pronominal declension	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kʷis	*kʷih₂	*kʷid	*kʷeyes	*kʷeyes	*kʷih₂
Accusative	*kʷim	*kʷih₂m̥	*kʷid	*kʷims	*kʷims	*kʷih₂
Dative	*kʷesmey	*kʷesmey	*kʷesmey	*kʷeybh-	*kʷeybh-	*kʷeybh-
Genitive	*kʷesyo	*kʷesyo	*kʷesyo	*kʷeysom	*kʷeysom	*kʷeysom
Locative	*kʷesmi	*kʷesmi(i)	*kʷesmi	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu

Adjectival declension	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kʷos	*kʷeh₂	*kʷod	*kʷoy	*kʷeh₂(e)s	*kʷeh₂
Accusative	*kʷom	*kʷeh₂m	*kʷod	*kʷoms	*kʷeh₂ms	*kʷeh₂
Dative	*kʷosmey	*kʷosmey	*kʷosmey	?	?	?
Genitive	*kʷosyo	*kʷosyo	*kʷosyo	?	?	?

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ի- (i-), իր (ir), ո (o), ով (ov), որ (or)
    • Armenian: իր (ir), ով (ov), որ (or)
• Celtic: *kwēs/*kʷei- (< *kʷis), *kʷid (< *kʷid)
  • Old Irish: cía, cid
    • Irish: cé, cad
    • Scottish: Gaelic: cò, ciod
  • Welsh: pwy
• Germanic: *hwaz (click for more descendants)
  • English: who, what, why, which, where, how
  • German: wo, was, wie, wer
  • Swedish: vem, vad, var
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ποῖος (poios), τίς (tis)
    • Greek: ποίον, ποιο, πού, ποιος, πως, τι, τίς
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: kím ("what"), káḥ, kíḥ ("who?")
  • Iranian:
    • Avestan: kō, čiš
    • Kurdish: kî ("who"), kê ("whom"), çi ("what"), kîj ("which")
    • Persian: که (ke), چه (če), چی (či)
• Italic:
  • Latin: quī, quae, quod (< *kʷod)
  • Latin: quis (< *kʷis), quid (< *kʷid)
    • Catalan: qui
    • French: que, qui, quoi
    • Italian: che, chi
    • Portuguese: que, quem
    • Romanian: că, ce, cine, cui
    • Spanish: que, quien, cuyo
• Slavic: *kъto (< *kʷos + -to), *čьto (< *kʷid + -to)
  • East Slavic:
    • Russian: кто (kto), чей (čej), что (što)
  • South Slavic:
    • Bulgarian: че, що (što)
    • Old Church Slavonic: къто (kŭto), чьто (čĭto)
    • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: тко, што, шта, ко

    Roman: tko, što, šta, ko

    • Slovene: kdo
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: kdo co
    • Polish: kto, co, czyj
    • Slovak: kto, čo
    • Lower Sorbian: chto, co, ceji
    • Upper Sorbian: što, čo, štó, čeji
• Tocharian: *kuse (< *kʷusó < *kʷos)
  • Tocharian A: kus
  • Tocharian B: k_use