Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ferō
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This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Italic edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer- (“to bear”).
Verb edit
*ferō first-singular present indicative[1]
Inflection edit
| Inflection of *ferō (third conjugation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *ferō | |
| Perfect | — | |
| Past participle | *fertos | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *ferō | *ferōr |
| 2nd sing. | *feres | *ferezo |
| 3rd sing. | *feret | *feretor |
| 1st plur. | *feromos | *feromor |
| 2nd plur. | *feretes | *ferem(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *feront | *ferontor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *ferām | *ferār |
| 2nd sing. | *ferās | *ferāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *ferād | *ferātor |
| 1st plur. | *ferāmos | *ferāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *ferātes | *ferām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *ferānd | *ferāntor |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *fere | *ferezo |
| 2nd plur. | *ferete | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *feretōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *ferents | *fertos | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *fertum | *ferezi | |
Since the paradigm lacked a perfect, a periphrastic perfect was supplied by using the perfect of other verbs. Different languages chose different verbs: Latin used the perfect of *tolnō, while Umbrian used the perfect of *didō. Although this verb is normally thematic, in Latin some forms of this verb lost the thematic vowel, as in present forms ferō, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt, and the infinitive ferre compared to Proto-Italic *ferō, *feres, *feret, *feromos, *feretis, *feront, and *ferezi (note -i- in ferimus is kept). This loss of thematic vowels in the Latin present forms is usually attributed to a syncope process, and not a transfer to an athematic conjugation.
In Latin, the original past participle was ousted in its verbal function by this verb as well, and again displaced by the forms of *tolnō.
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
- Latin: ferō, fertus (see there for further descendants)
- Marrucinian: feret (3rd plural present), ferenter (3rd plural present passive)
- Umbrian: fertu (3rd singular imperative)
- Volscian: ferom (infinitive)
References edit
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN