Appendix:Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions

Proto-Ngayarda reconstructions:

O'Grady (1966)

Reconstructions of Proto-Ngayarda proposed by O'Grady (1966):

No.	English gloss	Proto-Ngayarda
101	emu	*canku.n̩a
102	kookaburra	*caru
103	arm, upper; elbow	*ciḷi
104	big	*ciḷi.ra
105	blunt; dull	*cin̯t̯aṇ
106	east; north; east	*ciŋka; *ciŋka.yi; ciŋka.rka
107	pelican	*ciRu.ṇa
108	wait	*cit̯ari-
109	eye	*cita.mara
110	smoke	*cucu
111	all	*culu
112	to return	*kaḷi.ñca.ri-
113	kidney	*kaḷi.piri
114	to climb, rise	*kaḷpa-
115	to carry	*kaḷpa-(L)
116	tree	*kaṇṭi
117	loose	*kankal
118	knee	*kaŋku
119	thicket	*kara
120	hit	*kata.ma-(L)-
121	mosquito	*kumiṇ
122	brain	*kuṇṭu¹
123	round	*kuRu-kuRu
124	star	*kuṭala
125	root	*mal̯a
126	lazy; tired	*maḷi
127	honey	*maḷi.ya
128	good	*maḷku.ra
129	knee	*maṇpur
130	son	*mañka
131	wing	*mara
132	blood	*mata
133	red	*maṭa-maṭa
134	food	*maṭu.miri
135	father’s father	*mayi.ḷi
136	paperbark	*miḷi
137	groin	*miḷka
138	to lick	*mila-(L)-
139	fingernail; toenail	*milcu
140	semen	*min̯a
141	by-and-by	*miṇa.wara
142	to hit with a missile; to shoot	*miṇṭil̄.(S)-(L)-
143	clitoris	*miṇṭin
144	fingernail	*miṇṭu
145	steal	*muca-(L)-
146	cave	*muli
147	back	*muru
148	bite; drink	*n̯an̯t̯a-(L)-
149	ground	*n̯aṇu
150	hair, pubic	*n̯añi
151	hair, pubic	*ñalu
152	this	*ñiya
153	loose; soft	*ñulu
154	copulate with	*ŋal̯a-(L)-
155	liver	*ŋalka.Ri
156	liver	*ŋama.ri
157	tobacco	*ŋama.Ri
158	excrement; ground	*ŋan̯t̯a
159	turtle	*ŋaṭa.piri
160	star	*ŋuku
161	kangaroo, grey	*paci-wana.ra
162	break; come apart	*paka-
163	rub	*pal̯a.ma-(L)-
164	budgerigar; green	*pal̯a.ra
165	kangaroo, red	*palca.ri
166	winding; zigzag	*paḷin.paḷin; paḷi.paḷi
167	creek bank; sandhill	*pan̯t̯a
168	point of shoulder	*parka.Ra
169	long time	*paru.Ra
170	kneecap; pestle	*paru.Ru
171	blow; hit	*pata-(R-)-
172	feather	*paṭu¹
173	turkey	*paṭu.ra
174	green	*pil̯u
175	grasshopper	*pinpi.la
176	star	*pinti.ri
177	food	*piṇṭu
178	afternoon	*piri.ŋka
179	thirsty	*piya
180	ax	*pulpur
181	smoke	*puḷkuṇ
182	ahead; first	*puḷu.Ra
183	deep; hole	*puṇṭa
184	full of holes	*puṇṭa-puṇṭa
185	by-and-by	*purpa
186	hairstring	*puru.Ru
187	sea	*puRi.ya
188	head	*put̯a
189	chest	*puṭu
190	hit	*t̯a-(L)-
191	rib	*t̯ampi
192	food; greedy	*t̯apat̯a
193	send	*t̯aya-(L)-
194	spear it	*t̯uukut̯a-(L)-
195	head	*t̯uRu
196	big	*t̯uta
197	wind	*t̯uṭa
198	kangaroo rat	*wacu.wara
199	opossum	*walki
200	heel	*waḷa¹
201	lie (prevaricate)	*waḷa.waŋka-
202	lightning	*waḷi.piṭi
203	womb	*waḷka
204	snake	*waḷu
205	long	*wana.ra
206	bee	*wanpa.Ri
207	tree	*waṇṭa
208	fat; grease	*waṇṭu; ŋaṇṭu
209	hear	*wañapa.ri-
210	dog	*wañca
211	throat	*waŋkar
212	crow	*waŋki.ṇa
213	eaglehawk	*wari.ṭa
214	far	*warpa
215	black; night	*waru
216	ghost; spirit	*waru.ka
217	night	*waru-kaṭi
218	morning; tomorrow	*waru-ŋka-mu
219	flying fox	*waRa.muru.ŋka
220	yoke	*wiḷka.Ra
221	many	*win̯t̯a
222	run	*winpa-
223	wind	*wirpi
224	saliva; spit	*wit̯a
225	see	*wiya-(L)-
226	thigh	*wulu
227	south; west	*wuḷu.cu
228	river	*wuntu
229	tongue	*yal̯u.Ru
230	lick	*yal̯u-ṇṭa-(L)-
231	weak	*yalu.yalu
232	sun	*yaṇṭa
233	far	*yarka
234	alone; one	*yika
235	itch	*yimil.cari-
236	rain	*yuŋu
237	hair of head	*yurkuṇ
238		*maŋa
301	rubbish	**cala
302	soon	**campa
303	lame; thigh	**canta
304	old woman	**caṇṭi.Ra
305	three	**carku.ṭi
306	blind; old woman	**caṭa
307	egg	**cimpu
308	fat; grease	**cinci
309	Willy Wagtail	**ciri.ciri
310	smoke	**cukuṇ
311	old man	**culu
312	ashes	**cuṇpa
313	brother, older	**kaca
314	mother’s brother	**kaka
315	fire; tree	**kaḷa
316	creek; root	**kaḷka
317	empty; hungry	**kamu
318	mother’s mother	**kan̯t̯a.ri
319	cry; tears	**kaṇṭa-
320	skin	**kaṇu
321	have; hold; keep	**kañi-(L)-
322	father’s mother	**kapa.ḷi
323	butterfly	**kapa.ḷi.pa.ḷi
324	skin	**kapuṇ
325	summer; sun	**karpu
326	kookaburra	**karu.palkan
327	bitter; salt	**kaRi
328	pierce	**kaṭa-(L)-
329	cheek; jaw; temple	**kaṭa.Ra
330	one	**kaya.nu
331	come here!	**kuka.yi
332	ear	**kuli.Ra
333	hear	**kuli.ya-(L)-
334	louse	**kulu
335	ear	**kuḷka
336	hair of head	**kuḷku.Ra
337	narrow	**kuḷpaṇ
338	hot; summer	**kuḷu
339	face	**kumpa
340	smoke	**kuṇku
341	daughter	**kuṇṭal
342	milk	**kuṇṭu²
343	one	**kuñci
344	dew	**kupi.la
345	small	**kupu
346	Pleiades	**kuri.kuri
347	south	**kuRi.la
348	short	**kuta
349	dead	**kutu
350	now; today	**kuwa.ri
351	tired; weak	**mal̯il.cari-
352	middle	**mal̯u
353	middle digit/sibling	**mal̯u.ṭa
354	sick	**mala.ra
355	hard	**mankar
356	meat	**mantu
357	buttocks; excrement	**maṇa
358	mark	**maṇi
359	stone	**maṇṭa
360	nest	**maŋka
361	doctor	**mapaṇ.kara
362	brother, younger	**marka.Ra
363	many	**maRu
364	right hand	**maya
365	egg; testicles	**mica
366	blood	**mici
367	ant, black	**miŋa
368	branch	**miRi
369	big	**mita.ḷi
370	no, not	**miṭa
371	old man	**miṭa.n̯a
372	dingo; dog	**muci
373	cooked; dead; meat; ripe	**mula
374	pregnant	**muḷku
375	cold; winter	**mut̯u
376	cool; evening	**mut̯u-mut̯u
377	run	**muṭi-
378	this	**n̯aˑ
379	cold	**n̯aka
380	nape	**n̯anka
381	mouth	**n̯ara
382	ankle; elbow	**n̯uku
383	dead	**n̯uṇṭi¹
384	this	**n̯uṭu; n̯uṇu
385	slow	**ñaṇi
386	rib	**ñimi
387	we du excl	**ŋali.ya
388	belly	**ŋaḷu
389	neck	**ŋal̞i
390	a sore	**ŋaṇṭa
391	we pl incl	**ŋañcu
392	mother	**ŋaŋka
393	lie (recline)	**ŋari; ŋarpi-
394	person	**ŋaya.ṭa
395	he; that	**ŋun̯a; ŋun̯al; ŋun̯u
396	armpit	**ŋuna
397	he; that	**ŋuṇa
398	arm, lower	**paci
399	formerly	**pala
400	he; that	**palu; paṇu-
401	clear space; plain	**paḷka.ra
402	sky	**paḷpar
403	cliff; creek bank; stone	**paḷu
404	sit; stay	**panti-
405	sit	**paṇi-
406	water	**papa
407	shiver	**para.para.ri-
408	leaf	**parka
409	star	**paṭa.Ra
410	dry; river	**picu
411	marrow	**piḷpu
412	clitoris; vagina	**pila
413	red	**pila.ri
414	saw; scrape; strike (a match)	**pirpi-(L)-
415	cockatoo, white	**piṭi.ra
416	heart	**pula.ṭa
417	tobacco plug	**puḷku
418	desirous	**puḷpi
419	go	**puni-
420	dew; rainbow	**puñcan
421	four; three	**purku
422	heart	**puRi
423	sandhill	**puwa.ḷa
424	pet; tame; totem	**t̯alu
425	food	**t̯a.nuwa
426	enter; set	**t̯arpa-
427	bury; closed	**t̯aṭa.(S)-(L)-
428	fruit; sweet food	**t̯uku.ṭa
429	small	**t̯umpa
430	anus	**t̯umpu
431	laugh	**t̯uṇi-
432	down (inside); inside	**t̯uṇu.ŋka
433	ground	**t̯uŋka
434	correct; honest; straight; true/truth	**t̯urkuḷ
435	snake	**t̯uru
436	sister, older	**t̯uṭu
437	return; turn	**waka.ṭa.ri-
438	armpit	**waku
439	crow	**waˑku.ra
440	leaf; lungs	**wal̯aṇ
441	eaglehawk	**waḷa.ṭu
442	spearthrower	**waḷpa.ra
443	bad	**wali
444	alive; half-cooked; raw; uncooked	**wanka
445	elbow; mill, upper	**waṇku
446	hit	**waṇpi-(L)-
447	penis; tail	**waṇṭi
448	healthy; well	**wapa
449	grass	**warapa
450	fly (insect)	**wara.Ri
451	look for	**wat̯a.ri-
452	east; north	**waṭaḷ
453	woman	**waṭi.ra
454	fear; frighten	**waya.(S)-(L)-
455	moon	**wila.ra
456	cut	**wiṇṭa-(L)-
457	full	**wiña
458	play	**wiri.(S)-
459	climb	**wiṭa-
460	shield	**wuṇṭa
461	emu	**yali.piri
462	log; winnowing dish; yandying dish	**yanti
463	north; west	**yapul
464	north; sea breeze; west; westward	**yapu.ru
465	by-and-by	**yaṭi
466	now; today	**yica-la
467	new	**yica-ŋuRu
468	name	**yini
469	charcoal	**yinka
470	ashes	**yipa
471	afternoon	**yuka
472	dog	**yuku.ru
473	camp; ground	**yuḷu
474	noon; summer; sun	**yura
601	left hand	**campu
602	beard	**capu.ṭa
603	foot	**cina
604	east	**kaka.ra
605	burn	**kampa-
606	above; up	**kanka
607	fish	**kapi
608	stand	**kari-
609	urine	**kumpu
610	excrement	**kuna
611	spear	**kurca.ṭa
612	eye; seed	**kuRu
613	bone	**kut̯i
614	father	**mama
615	buttocks; hipbone	**mila
616	nose	**minta
617	clever; knowing	**mi.ṇu
618	spearthrower	**miru
619	face; nose	**mul̯a
620	eat	**muŋka-(L)-
621	anthill	**muŋku
622	spouse	**n̯upa
623	sit	**ñina-
624	drink; eat	**ŋa-(L)-
625	what; who	**ŋana
626	we pl excl	**ŋana.ṇa
627	what; who	**ŋani
628	beard	**ŋaṇka
629	cry	**ŋat̯i-
630	mother	**ŋat̯i
631	throw	**ŋayi-(L)-
632	fire	**ŋuca
633	camp	**ŋura
634	bite; drink; eat	**paca-(L)-
635	blind; sleep	**pampu
636	smell	**paṇṭi-(L)-
637	spinifex	**paRu
638	breast; mother	**pipi
639	bad; fire; rotten	**puka
640	drink; swim	**pun̯t̯a-(L)-
641	fall	**puŋka-
642	pull	**puri-(L)-
643	fire	**t̯ama
644	mouth	**t̯aRa
645	eye	**t̯uḷa
646	where	**wan̯t̯a
647	leave it; put	**wan̯t̯a-(R)-
648	fall	**waṇi-
649	language	**waŋka
650	speak	**waŋka-
651	east	**yacu
652	alike	**yiñca.Ra
653	path; road	**yiṭi.ya
701	two	**kut̯a.ra
702	pick it up; take	**ma-(N)-
703	hand	**maRa
704	see	**n̯a.ku-
705	you	**ñin.ta
706	you du	**ñu.palu; ñum.palu
707	you pl	**ŋu.ra
708	we du incl	**ŋa.li
709	I	**ŋa.yi; ŋa.t̯a
710	hit	**pu-(NG)-
711	tongue	**t̯a.lañ
712	go	**ya-(N)-
713	mouth; tooth	**yira
714	give	**yu-(NG)-
801	sun	**ciṇṭu
802	nape	**ciṭan
803	foot	**cuka.ra
804	moon	**curki.ṭa
805	emu	**kacalpu
806	smoke	**kacu
807	north; northeast	**kanim.para
808	wind	**kaṇa.ra
809	wrinkle	**kaṇpi
810	dog	**kapa.ḷa
811	west	**kaRa
812	hard; slip	**kaRar
813	far	**kat̯a
814	man; person; wife; woman	**kaṭu
815	egg; testicles	**kukul
816	one; together	**kuma
817	bone	**kuñca
818	asleep	**kupa.l̯a
819	magpie	**kurpa.ṭuṭu
820	eyeball; pupil	**kuRu.r
821	alone; ebb tide; lonely; one; sea	**kut̯u.ŋuru
822	head	**maka
823	long	**maka.nu
824	shade	**malu
825	return	**maḷa.ki-
826	man; person	**maḷpa
827	give; hand	**mañar.ka
828	sacred stones	**mapaṇ
829	snake	**mil̯u.Ra
830	chest	**mirpu
831	cloud; mislaid	**mucu
832	knee	**muṭi
833	tail	**n̯uṇṭi²
834	kill	**n̯uṇṭi¹-ma-(L)-
835	nose	**ñiŋku.ḷu
836	crazy; forget; heedless	**ŋawaṇ
837	moon; shine	**pan̯a-(L)-
838	head; reef	**paṇa
839	hot	**parpa
840	one; other	**paṭu²
841	cave; hole; mountain; star; stone	**piḷi
842	shine; twinkle	**pinpa-
843	beach; sand, white	**piṇṭi.Ri
844	a sore	**pita
845	eye; star	**piṭa
846	bend; stoop	**pupa-
847	smoke; spinifex	**puyu
848	carry; grasp; hand; take	**t̯aka-(L)-
849	mother’s father	**t̯ami
850	they	**t̯ana
851	tremble	**t̯ankaṇ.ki.ci-
852	far; sea	**t̯aṇa
853	back; carry on the back	**t̯aṇa-
854	leave it; put	**t̯u-(N)-
855	grave	**t̯uŋka.Ri
856	dog	**t̯ut̯u
857	push	**t̯ut̯u-(L)-
858	animal; fish; meat; snake	**waka.Ri
859	egg	**waḷa²
860	wind	**waḷpa
861	chest	**waṇkaṇ
862	hair of head	**warka.Ri
863	forehead	**waṭa
864	no, not; nothing	**waya
865	sinew; string	**wici
866	wind	**win̯t̯u
867	drink; water	**wula
868	sun; woman	**yaka.ra.ŋu
869	shield	**yara
870	sky	**yilka.Ri
871	elbow	**yiḷku
872	sharp; sharpen	**yiRi
873	foot; heel; metatarsus	**yuku