Appendix:Sanskrit Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Sanskrit, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| № | English | Sanskrit संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | अहम् (ahám) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | त्वम् (tvám) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | स (sá) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | वयम् (vayám), नस् (nas) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | यूयम् (yūyám), वस् (vas) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ते (té) |
| 7 | this | इदम् (idám) |
| 8 | that | तत् (tát) |
| 9 | here | अत्र (átra), इह (íha) |
| 10 | there | तत्र (tátra) |
| 11 | who | क (ká) |
| 12 | what | किम् (kím) |
| 13 | where | कुत्र (kútra), कुह (kúha), क्व (kvà) |
| 14 | when | कदा (kadā́) |
| 15 | how | कथम् (kathám) |
| 16 | not | न (ná) |
| 17 | all | सर्व (sárva), विश्व (víśva) |
| 18 | many | बहु (bahú) |
| 19 | some | किञ्चिद् (kiñcid) |
| 20 | few | अल्प (álpa) |
| 21 | other | अन्य (anyá) |
| 22 | one | एक (éka) |
| 23 | two | द्व (dvá) |
| 24 | three | त्रि (trí) |
| 25 | four | चतुर् (cátur) |
| 26 | five | पञ्चन् (páñcan) |
| 27 | big | महत् (mahát) |
| 28 | long | दीर्घ (dīrghá) |
| 29 | wide | उरु (urú) |
| 30 | thick | घन (ghaná) |
| 31 | heavy | गुरु (gurú) |
| 32 | small | अल्प (álpa) |
| 33 | short | ह्रस्व (hrasvá) |
| 34 | narrow | अंहु (aṃhú) |
| 35 | thin | तनु (tanú) |
| 36 | woman | स्त्री (strī́) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | पुरुष (púruṣa), नर (nára) |
| 38 | man (human being) | मनुष्य (manuṣyá), मानव (mānava) |
| 39 | child | बाल (bā́la), शिशु (śíśu) |
| 40 | wife | पत्नी (pátnī), भार्या (bhāryā́) |
| 41 | husband | पति (páti) |
| 42 | mother | मातृ (mā́tṛ) |
| 43 | father | पितृ (pitṛ́) |
| 44 | animal | पशु (páśu) |
| 45 | fish | मत्स्य (mátsya) |
| 46 | bird | वि (ví), पक्षिन् (pakṣin) |
| 47 | dog | श्वन् (śván) |
| 48 | louse | यूका (yūkā) |
| 49 | snake | सर्प (sarpá) |
| 50 | worm | कृमि (kṛ́mi) |
| 51 | tree | वृक्ष (vṛkṣá), तरु (tarú) |
| 52 | forest | वन (vána) |
| 53 | stick | दण्ड (daṇḍá) |
| 54 | fruit | फल (phála) |
| 55 | seed | बीज (bī́ja) |
| 56 | leaf | पत्त्र (páttra) |
| 57 | root | मूल (mū́la) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | त्वच् (tvác) |
| 59 | flower | पुष्प (púṣpa) |
| 60 | grass | तृण (tṛ́ṇa) |
| 61 | rope | रज्जु (rájju) |
| 62 | skin | चर्मन् (cárman), त्वच् (tvác) |
| 63 | meat | मांस (māṃsá) |
| 64 | blood | रक्त (rakta), असृज् (ásṛj) |
| 65 | bone | अस्थि (ásthi) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | पीवस् (pī́vas), मेदस् (médas) |
| 67 | egg | अण्ड (aṇḍá) |
| 68 | horn | शृङ्ग (śṛṅgá) |
| 69 | tail | पुच्छ (púccha) |
| 70 | feather | पर्ण (parṇá) |
| 71 | hair | केश (kéśa) |
| 72 | head | शिरस् (śíras) |
| 73 | ear | कर्ण (kárṇa) |
| 74 | eye | अक्षि (ákṣi) |
| 75 | nose | नासा (nā́sā) |
| 76 | mouth | वक्त्र (vaktra), मुख (múkha) |
| 77 | tooth | दन्त (dánta) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जिह्वा (jihvā́) |
| 79 | fingernail | नख (nakhá) |
| 80 | foot | पद (padá) |
| 81 | leg | जङ्घ (jáṅgha) |
| 82 | knee | जानु (jā́nu) |
| 83 | hand | हस्त (hásta), पाणि (pāṇí) |
| 84 | wing | पक्ष (pakṣá) |
| 85 | belly | उदर (udára) |
| 86 | guts | अन्त्र (ántra), आन्त्र (āntra), गुद (gudá) |
| 87 | neck | गल (gala), ग्रीवा (grīvā́) |
| 88 | back | पृष्ठ (pṛṣṭhá) |
| 89 | breast | स्तन (stána) |
| 90 | heart | हृदय (hṛ́daya) |
| 91 | liver | यकृत् (yákṛt) |
| 92 | to drink | पिबति (píbati) |
| 93 | to eat | खादति (khā́dati), अत्ति (átti) |
| 94 | to bite | दशति (dáśati) |
| 95 | to suck | धयति (dháyati) |
| 96 | to spit | ष्ठीवति (ṣṭhī́vati) |
| 97 | to vomit | वमति (vámati) |
| 98 | to blow | वाति (vā́ti) |
| 99 | to breathe | अनिति (ániti) |
| 100 | to laugh | स्मयते (smáyate), हसति (hásati) |
| 101 | to see | पश्यति (páśyati) (only in the present system), दृश् (dṛś) (everywhere else) |
| 102 | to hear | शृणोति (śṛṇóti) |
| 103 | to know | जानाति (jānā́ti) |
| 104 | to think | मन्यते (mányate), चिन्तयति (cintayati) |
| 105 | to smell | जिघ्रति (jíghrati) |
| 106 | to fear | बिभेति (bibhéti), भयते (bháyate) (Vedic) |
| 107 | to sleep | स्वपिति (svápiti) |
| 108 | to live | जीवति (jī́vati) |
| 109 | to die | म्रियते (mriyáte) |
| 110 | to kill | हन्ति (hánti) |
| 111 | to fight | युध्यते (yúdhyate) |
| 112 | to hunt | वेति (veti) |
| 113 | to hit | हन्ति (hánti), ताडयति (tāḍáyati) |
| 114 | to cut | कृन्तति (kṛntáti) |
| 115 | to split | भिनत्ति (bhinátti) |
| 116 | to stab | विधति (vídhyati) |
| 117 | to scratch | लिखति (likháti) |
| 118 | to dig | खनति (khánati) |
| 119 | to swim | प्लवते (plávate) |
| 120 | to fly | पतति (pátati) |
| 121 | to walk | एति (éti), गच्छति (gácchati), चरति (cárati) |
| 122 | to come | आगच्छति (ā́gacchati) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | शेते (śéte) |
| 124 | to sit | सीदति (sī́dati) |
| 125 | to stand | तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | वर्तते (vártate) |
| 127 | to fall | पद्यते (pádyate) |
| 128 | to give | ददाति (dádāti) |
| 129 | to hold | धरति (dhárati) |
| 130 | to squeeze | मृद्नाति (mṛdnā́ti) |
| 131 | to rub | घर्षति (ghárṣati) |
| 132 | to wash | क्षालयति (kṣā́layati) |
| 133 | to wipe | मार्ष्टि (mā́rṣṭi) |
| 134 | to pull | कर्षति (kárṣati) |
| 135 | to push | नुदति (nudáti) |
| 136 | to throw | क्षिपति (kṣipáti) |
| 137 | to tie | बध्नाति (badhnā́ti), बन्धति (bandhati) |
| 138 | to sew | सीव्यति (sī́vyati) |
| 139 | to count | गणयति (gáṇayati), कलते (kálate) |
| 140 | to say | वक्ति (vákti) |
| 141 | to sing | गायति (gā́yati) |
| 142 | to play | दीव्यति (dī́vyati) |
| 143 | to float | प्लवते (plávate) |
| 144 | to flow | सरति (sárati), क्षरति (kṣárati) |
| 145 | to freeze | शीयते (śī́yate) |
| 146 | to swell | श्वयति (śváyati) |
| 147 | sun | सूर्य (sū́rya), रवि (ravi), सूर (sū́ra), भास्कर (bhāskara) |
| 148 | moon | मास (mā́sa), चन्द्रमस् (candramas), चन्द्र (candrá) |
| 149 | star | नक्षत्र (nákṣatra), स्तृ (stṛ́), तारा (tārā) |
| 150 | water | जल (jalá), अप् (áp), पानीय (pānīya), वारि (vā́ri), उदन् (udán), तोज (toja) |
| 151 | rain | वर्ष (varṣá) |
| 152 | river | नदी (nadī́) |
| 153 | lake | सरस् (sáras) |
| 154 | sea | समुद्र (samudrá) |
| 155 | salt | लवण (lavaṇá) |
| 156 | stone | अश्मन् (áśman) |
| 157 | sand | पांसु (pāṃsú), शिकता (śíkatā) |
| 158 | dust | रेणु (reṇú) |
| 159 | earth | क्षम् (kṣám), पृथ्वी (pṛthvī́) |
| 160 | cloud | नभस् (nábhas), मेघ (meghá) |
| 161 | fog | मिह् (míh) |
| 162 | sky | आकाश (ākāśá) |
| 163 | wind | वायु (vāyú), वात (vā́ta) |
| 164 | snow | हिम (himá), तुषार (tuṣāra), तुहिन (tuhina) |
| 165 | ice | हिम (himá) |
| 166 | smoke | धूम (dhūmá) |
| 167 | fire | अग्नि (agní) |
| 168 | ash | आस (ā́sa) |
| 169 | to burn | दहति (dahati) |
| 170 | road | पथ (patha), अध्वन् (ádhvan), मार्ग (mārga) |
| 171 | mountain | गिरि (girí), पर्वत (párvata) |
| 172 | red | रक्त (rakta), रोहित (róhita) |
| 173 | green | हरित् (harit), हरित (harita), पालाश (pā́lāśa), पलाश (palāśa) |
| 174 | yellow | पीत (pīta), पीतल (pītala) |
| 175 | white | श्वेत (śvetá) |
| 176 | black | कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá) |
| 177 | night | रात्रि (rā́tri), नक्ति (nákti), क्षप् (kṣáp), रजनी (rajanī) |
| 178 | day | दिन (diná), अहर् (áhar), दिवस (divasa) |
| 179 | year | वर्ष (varṣá), संवत्सर (saṃvatsara) |
| 180 | warm | तप्त (taptá) |
| 181 | cold | शीत (śītá) |
| 182 | full | पूर्ण (pūrṇá) |
| 183 | new | नव (náva), नूतन (nū́tana) |
| 184 | old | जीर्ण (jīrṇá), वृद्ध (vṛddhá), पुरातन (purātana) |
| 185 | good | वसु (vásu), भद्र (bhadrá) |
| 186 | bad | पाप (pāpá), दुष्ट (duṣṭa) |
| 187 | rotten | पूति (pū́ti) |
| 188 | dirty | मलिन (malina), समल (samala) |
| 189 | straight | ऋजु (ṛjú), साधु (sādhú) |
| 190 | round | वृत्त (vṛttá), वर्तुल (vartula) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇá) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | कुण्ठ (kuṇṭha) |
| 193 | smooth | श्लक्ष्ण (ślakṣṇá), स्निग्ध (snigdhá) |
| 194 | wet | आर्द्र (ārdrá), क्लिन्न (klinná) |
| 195 | dry | शुष्क (śúṣka) |
| 196 | correct | शुद्ध (śuddhá), सत्य (satyá) |
| 197 | near | नेद (neda) (adjective), प्रति (prati) (preposition) |
| 198 | far | दूर (dūrá) |
| 199 | right | दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa) |
| 200 | left | सव्य (savyá) |
| 201 | at | locative case |
| 202 | in | locative case |
| 203 | with | सह (sahá) |
| 204 | and | च (ca) |
| 205 | if | यदि (yádi) |
| 206 | because | हि (hí) |
| 207 | name | नामन् (nā́man) |