Appendix:Swadesh lists for interlingua

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This Swadesh list shows the affinity between Interlingua, the control languages English, French, Italian, and Spanish, the secondary control language German and some other languages.

Presentation edit

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Words 1 to 50 edit

English French German Italian Spanish Dutch Swedish Latin Interlingua
1 I * je ich io yo ik jag ego io (ia)
2 you sing., thou tu, vous (formal) du, Sie (formal) tu, Lei (formal) , usted (formal) jij, je, u (formal) du tu tu (ia)
3 he il er lui, egli él hij han is, ea ille (ia)
4 we * nous wir noi nosotros wij, we vi nos nos (ia)
5 you pl. vous ihr, Sie (formal) voi vosotros, ustedes (formal) jullie, u (formal) ni vos vos (ia)
6 they ils, elles sie loro, essi ellos, ellas zij, ze de ii, eae illes (ia)
7 this * ceci dieses questo este deze, dit det här hic, is iste (ia)
8 that * cela jenes, das quello ese, aquel die, dat det där ille celle, ille (ia)
9 here ici hier qui, qua aquí, acá hier här hic hic (ia), ci (ia)
10 there dort ahí, allí, allá daar där ibi illac, ibi, la
11 who * qui wer chi quien wie vem quis qui
12 what * quoi was che que wat vad quid que
13 where wo dove donde waar var ubi ubi
14 when quand wann quando cuando wanneer när quando quando
15 how comment wie come como hoe hur quam, quomodo como
16 not * ne...pas nicht non no niet inte, ej non non
17 all * tout alle tutto todo al, alle alla omnis tote
18 many * plusieurs viele molti muchos veel många multi multe
19 some quelques einige alcuni algunos, unos enkele, sommige några, vissa aliqui, aliquot alicun, alcun, qualque
20 few peu wenige pochi poco weinig pauci pauc
21 other autre andere altro otro ander annan alter, alius altere
22 one * un eins uno uno een ett unus un
23 two * deux zwei due dos twee två duo duo
24 three trois drei tre tres drie tre tres tres
25 four quatre vier quattro cuatro vier fyra quattuor quatro
26 five cinq fünf cinque cinco vijf fem quinque cinque
27 big * grand groß grande grande groot stor magnus, grandis grande
28 long * long lang lungo largo lang lång longus longe
29 wide large breit, weit largo ancho breed, wijd bred, vid latus large
30 thick épais dick spesso grueso dik tjock creber spisse
31 heavy lourd schwer pesante pesado zwaar tung gravis pesante
32 small * petit klein piccolo pequeño klein liten parvus parve
33 short court kurz corto corto kort kort brevis breve, curte
34 narrow étroit eng stretto estrecho, angosto smal trång angustus stricte
35 thin mince dünn sottile delgado, flaco dun tunn macer tenue
36 woman * femme Frau donna mujer vrouw kvinna femina femina
37 man (adult male) homme Mann uomo hombre man man vir viro
38 man * (human being) homme Mensch uomo hombre mens människa homo homine
39 child enfant Kind bambino niño kind barn puer infante
40 wife femme, épouse Frau, Ehefrau moglie esposa, mujer vrouw, echtgenote hustru, maka, fru uxor, mulier marita, sposa
41 husband mari, époux Mann, Ehemann marito esposo, marido man, echtgenoot man, make maritus marito, sposo
42 mother mère Mutter madre madre moeder mamma, mor mater matre
43 father père Vater padre padre vader pappa, far pater patre
44 animal animal Tier animale animal dier djur animal animal
45 fish * poisson Fisch pesce pez, pescado vis fisk piscis pisce
46 bird * oiseau Vogel uccello ave, pájaro vogel fågel avis ave
47 dog * chien Hund cane perro hond hund canis can
48 louse * pou Laus pidocchio piojo luis lus pedis pediculo
49 snake serpent Schlange serpente serpiente, culebra slang orm serpens serpente
50 worm ver Wurm verme gusano worm mask vermis verme

Words 51 to 100 edit

No English French Italian Spanish Portuguese Interlingua German Dutch [[]]
51 tree arbre albero árbol [[]] arbore Baum boom [[]]
52 forest [[]] foresta selva [[]] foreste Wald [[]] [[]]
53 stick [[]] bastone palo [[]] baston [[]] [[]] [[]]
54 fruit [[]] frutto fruta [[]] fructo Frucht [[]] [[]]
55 seed [[]] seme semilla [[]] semine [[]] [[]] [[]]
56 leaf [[]] foglia hoja [[]] folio Blatt [[]] [[]]
57 root [[]] radice raíz [[]] radice Wurzel [[]] [[]]
58 bark [[]] scorza corteza [[]] [[]] Rinde [[]] [[]]
59 flower [[]] fiore flor [[]] flor Blume [[]] [[]]
60 grass [[]] erba [[]] [[]] herba Gras [[]] [[]]
61 rope [[]] corda soga [[]] [[]] Seil [[]] [[]]
62 skin [[]] pelle [[]] [[]] pelle Haut [[]] [[]]
63 meat [[]] carne carne [[]] carne Fleisch [[]] [[]]
64 blood [[]] sangue sangre [[]] sanguine Blut [[]] [[]]
65 bone [[]] osso hueso [[]] osso Knochen [[]] [[]]
66 fat (n.) [[]] grasso grasa [[]] grasse fett [[]] [[]]
67 egg [[]] uovo huevo [[]] ovo Ei [[]] [[]]
68 horn [[]] corno cuerno [[]] corno Horn [[]] [[]]
69 tail [[]] coda cola [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
70 feather [[]] penna pluma [[]] pluma Feder [[]] [[]]
71 hair [[]] pelo pelo [[]] capillo Haar [[]] [[]]
72 head [[]] testa cabeza [[]] capite Kopf [[]] [[]]
73 ear [[]] orecchio oreja [[]] aure Ohr [[]] [[]]
74 eye [[]] occhio ojo [[]] oculo Auge [[]] [[]]
75 nose [[]] naso nariz [[]] naso Nase [[]] [[]]
76 mouth [[]] bocca boca [[]] bucca Mund [[]] [[]]
77 tooth [[]] dente diente [[]] dente Zahn [[]] [[]]
78 tongue [[]] lingua lengua [[]] lingua Zunge [[]] [[]]
79 fingernail [[]] unghia [[]] [[]] [[]] Fingernagel [[]] [[]]
80 foot [[]] piede pie [[]] pede Fuß [[]] [[]]
81 leg [[]] gamba pierna [[]] gamba Bein [[]] [[]]
82 knee [[]] ginocchio [[]] [[]] genu Knie [[]] [[]]
83 hand [[]] mano mano [[]] mano Hand [[]] [[]]
84 wing [[]] ala ala [[]] ala Flügel [[]] [[]]
85 belly [[]] pancia [[]] [[]] [[]] Bauch [[]] [[]]
86 guts [[]] viscere [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
87 neck [[]] collo cuello [[]] collo Hals [[]] [[]]
88 back [[]] schiena espalda [[]] dorso Rücken [[]] [[]]
89 breast [[]] petto pecho [[]] pectore Brust [[]] [[]]
90 heart [[]] cuore corazón [[]] corde Herz [[]] [[]]
91 liver [[]] fegato hígado [[]] hepate Leber [[]] [[]]
92 drink [[]] bere beber [[]] biber trinken [[]] [[]]
93 eat [[]] mangiare comer [[]] mangiar essen [[]] [[]]
94 bite [[]] mordere morder [[]] [[]] beißen [[]] [[]]
95 suck [[]] succhiare chupar [[]] suger saugen [[]] [[]]
96 spit [[]] sputare [[]] [[]] sputar spucken [[]] [[]]
97 vomit [[]] vomitare vomitar [[]] vomitar sich übergeben [[]] [[]]
98 blow [[]] soffiare [[]] [[]] sufflar [[]] [[]] [[]]
99 breathe [[]] respirare respirar [[]] respirar atmen [[]] [[]]
100 laugh [[]] ridere reir [[]] rider lachen [[]] [[]]

Words 101 to 150 edit

No English French Italian Spanish Portuguese Interlingua German Dutch [[]]
101 see [[]] vedere ver [[]] vider sehen [[]] [[]]
102 hear [[]] udire oír [[]] audir hören [[]] [[]]
103 know [[]] sapere saber [[]] saper wissen [[]] [[]]
104 think [[]] pensare pensar [[]] pensar denken [[]] [[]]
105 smell (int) [[]] odorare oler [[]] [[]] riechen [[]] [[]]
106 fear [[]] temere temer [[]] timer fürchten [[]] [[]]
107 sleep [[]] dormire dormir [[]] dormir schlafen [[]] [[]]
108 live [[]] vivere vivir [[]] viver leben [[]] [[]]
109 die [[]] morire morir [[]] morir sterben [[]] [[]]
110 kill [[]] uccidere matar [[]] occider töten [[]] [[]]
111 fight [[]] lottare [[]] [[]] luctar kämpfen [[]] [[]]
112 hunt [[]] cacciare [[]] [[]] chassar jagen [[]] [[]]
113 hit [[]] colpire [[]] [[]] [[]] schlagen [[]] [[]]
114 cut [[]] tagliare cortar [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
115 split [[]] fendere hender [[]] finger spalten [[]] [[]]
116 stab [[]] accoltellare [[]] [[]] [[]] stechen [[]] [[]]
117 scratch [[]] graffiare rascar [[]] [[]] kratzen [[]] [[]]
118 dig [[]] scavare cavar [[]] [[]] graben [[]] [[]]
119 swim [[]] nuotare nadar [[]] natar schwimmen [[]] [[]]
120 fly (v.) [[]] volare volar [[]] volar fliegen [[]] [[]]
121 walk [[]] camminare caminar [[]] caminar [[]] [[]] [[]]
122 come [[]] venire venir [[]] venir kommen [[]] [[]]
123 lie [[]] mentire echarse [[]] mentir [[]] [[]] [[]]
124 sit [[]] sedersi sentarse [[]] seder se sich setzen [[]] [[]]
125 stand [[]] stare levantarse [[]] levar se [[]] [[]] [[]]
126 turn [[]] girare volver [[]] volver, tornar drehen [[]] [[]]
127 fall [[]] cadere caer [[]] cader fallen [[]] [[]]
128 give [[]] dare dar [[]] donar geben [[]] [[]]
129 hold [[]] tenere tener [[]] tener halten [[]] [[]]
130 squeeze [[]] spremere apretar [[]] premer drücken [[]] [[]]
131 rub [[]] fregare [[]] [[]] fricar reiben [[]] [[]]
132 wash [[]] lavare lavar [[]] lavar waschen [[]] [[]]
133 wipe [[]] asciugare [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
134 pull [[]] tirare [[]] [[]] tirar ziehen [[]] [[]]
135 push [[]] premere [[]] [[]] pulsar [[]] [[]] [[]]
136 throw [[]] gettare echar [[]] jectar werfen [[]] [[]]
137 tie [[]] annodare anudar [[]] annodar [[]] [[]] [[]]
138 sew [[]] cucire coser [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
139 count [[]] contare contar [[]] contar zählen [[]] [[]]
140 say [[]] dire decir [[]] dicer sagen [[]] [[]]
141 sing [[]] cantare cantar [[]] cantar singen [[]] [[]]
142 play [[]] giocare jugar [[]] jocar spielen [[]] [[]]
143 float [[]] galleggiare flotar [[]] flottar [[]] [[]] [[]]
144 flow [[]] fluire fluir [[]] fluer fließen [[]] [[]]
145 freeze [[]] gelare helar [[]] gelar gefrieren [[]] [[]]
146 swell [[]] gonfiarsi hincharse [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]] [[]]
147 sun [[]] sole sol [[]] sol Sonne [[]] [[]]
148 moon [[]] luna luna [[]] luna Mond [[]] [[]]
149 star [[]] stella estrella [[]] stella Stern [[]] [[]]
150 water [[]] aqua agua [[]] aqua Wasser [[]] [[]]

Words 151 to 188 edit

No English French Italian Spanish Portuguese Interlingua German Dutch [[]]
151 rain [[]] pioggia lluvia [[]] pluvia Regen [[]] [[]]
152 river [[]] fiume río [[]] riviera Fluss [[]] [[]]
153 lake [[]] lago lago [[]] laco See [[]] [[]]
154 sea [[]] mare mar [[]] mar Meer [[]] [[]]
155 salt [[]] sale sal [[]] sal Salz [[]] [[]]
156 stone [[]] pietra piedra [[]] petra Stein [[]] [[]]
157 sand [[]] sabbia arena [[]] sablo Sand [[]] [[]]
158 dust [[]] polvere polvo [[]] pulvere Staub [[]] [[]]
159 earth [[]] terra tierra [[]] terra Erde [[]] [[]]
160 cloud [[]] nuvola nube [[]] nube Wolke [[]] [[]]
161 fog [[]] nebbia niebla [[]] nebula Nebel [[]] [[]]
162 sky [[]] cielo cielo [[]] celo Himmel [[]] [[]]
163 wind [[]] vento viento [[]] vento Wind [[]] [[]]
164 snow [[]] neve nieve [[]] nive Schnee [[]] [[]]
165 ice [[]] ghiaccio hielo [[]] glacio Eis [[]] [[]]
166 smoke [[]] fumo humo [[]] fumo Rauch [[]] [[]]
167 fire [[]] fuoco fuego [[]] foco Feuer [[]] [[]]
168 ashes [[]] cenere ceniza [[]] cinere Asche [[]] [[]]
169 burn [[]] bruciare [[]] [[]] arder brennen [[]] [[]]
170 road [[]] strada camino [[]] [[]] Straße [[]] [[]]
171 mountain [[]] montagna montaña [[]] montania Berg [[]] [[]]
172 red [[]] rosso rojo [[]] rubie rot [[]] [[]]
173 green [[]] verde verde [[]] verde grün [[]] [[]]
174 yellow [[]] giallo amarillo [[]] jalne gelb [[]] [[]]
175 white [[]] bianco blanco [[]] blanc weiß [[]] [[]]
176 black [[]] nero negro [[]] nigre schwarz [[]] [[]]
177 night [[]] notte noche [[]] nocte Nacht [[]] [[]]
178 day [[]] giorno día [[]] die Tag [[]] [[]]
179 year [[]] anno año [[]] anno Jahr [[]] [[]]
180 warm [[]] caldo [[]] [[]] calide warm [[]] [[]]
181 cold [[]] freddo frío [[]] frigide kalt [[]] [[]]
182 full [[]] pieno lleno [[]] plen voll [[]] [[]]
183 new [[]] nuovo nuevo [[]] nove neu [[]] [[]]
184 old [[]] vecchio viejo [[]] vetere alt [[]] [[]]
185 good [[]] buono bueno [[]] bon gut [[]] [[]]
186 bad [[]] cattivo malo [[]] mal schlecht [[]] [[]]
187 rotten [[]] putrido pudrido [[]] putride faul [[]] [[]]
188 dirty [[]] sporco sucio [[]] [[]] schmutzig [[]] [[]]

References edit

  • Sexton, B. C. (2019) English-Interlingua: A Basic Vocabulary[1], Union Mundial pro Interlingua, →ISBN, retrieved 2020-11-20
  • Wilshusen, Ricard (2016) Interlingua – diccionario básico de 2.500 palabras[2], Union Mundial pro Interlingua, →ISBN, retrieved 2020-11-20
  • Interlingua - Brève introduction et mini-dictionnaire[3], Union Interlinguiste de France, 2018, retrieved 2020-11-20
  • Cleij, Piet (2008) Dictionario francese-interlingua[4], Union Mundial pro Interlingua, retrieved 2020-11-20
  • Weingärtner, Daniel (2018) Mini-Wörterbuch Interlingua-Deutsch[5], Union Mundial pro Interlingua, retrieved 2020-11-20
  • Breinstrup, Thomas; Notarstefano, Italo (2011) Interlingua – dictionario basic, Union Mundial pro Interlingua, →ISBN

Further Reading edit

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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