1853, The Ohio Journal of Education, Vol. II, No. 6, page 220[1]:
This number, when the numeration is made, will reach the first two figures of the twenty-second period of English notation, called the unvigintillion; but by the French method, it will make two figures of the forty-third period, and be called the unquadragintillion.
To support 52! states, you need at least 226 bits of state. The sample rand() implementation in the standard has only 32 bits of state, assuming unsigned long is 32 bits.
That means you can only get about 4 billion shuffles out of about 80 unvigintillion possible shuffles. (Yes, that's the word; look it up.)
At 80-columns, you can represent integers up to ninety-nine quinvigintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine quattuorvigintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine trevigintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine duovigintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine unvigintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine vigintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine novemdecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine octodecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine septendecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine sexdecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine quindecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine quattuordecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine tredecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine duodecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine undecillion, nine hundred ninety-nine decillion, nine hundred ninety-nine nonillion, nine hundred ninety-nine octillion, nine hundred ninety-nine septillion, nine hundred ninety-nine sextillion, nine hundred ninety-nine quintillion, nine hundred ninety-nine quadrillion, nine hundred ninety-nine trillion, nine hundred ninety-nine billion, nine hundred ninety-nine million, nine hundred ninety-nine thousand, and nine hundred ninety-nine.