Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/qapəjux

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian edit

Alternative forms edit

*paqəju

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ʔapəɡʲu/, /qapəɡʲu/

Noun edit

*qapəjux

gall; gall bladder
bile

Descendants edit

Northern Formosan
- Northwest Formosan
  - Kulon-Pazeh: apuzu
  - Thao: qazpu
Southern Formosan
- Puyuma: apedu
- Paiwan: qapedu
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *qapəju, *qapəjuq
- Philippine
  - Batanic
    - Yami: apdo
    - Ivatan: apdu
    - Ibatan: apdo
  - Northern Luzon
    - Ilocano: apró
    - Northeastern Luzon
      - Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ápdu
      - Dupaningan Agta: apdu
      - Paranan: apdu
    - Cagayan Valley
      - Isnag: apdó
      - Ibanagic
        Ibanag: aggu
        Gaddangic
        Central Cagayan Agta: adu
        Itawit: ádu
        Yogad: ádu
    - Meso-Cordilleran
      - Central Cordilleran
        Ifugao
        Tuwali Ifugao: apgu
        Bontok–Kankanaey
        Eastern Bontoc: apku
        Central Bontoc: akgó
        Northern Kankanay: akgo
        Kalinga–Itneg
        Limos Kalinga: apdu
        Madukayang Kalinga: apgu
        Butbut Kalinga: apku
        Tanudan Kalinga: apku
        Lubuagan Kalinga: apchu
      - Southern Cordilleran
        Pangasinan: apgó
        Keley-I Kallahan: apgu
        Karao: apko
    - Arta: apdu
  - Umiray Dumaget Agta: apdu
  - Central Luzon
    - Sambalic
      - Bolinao: apro
      - Botolan Sambal: aplo
      - Sambali: aplóh
      - Abenlen Ayta: aplo
      - Mag-Anchi Ayta: aplo
      - Mag-Indi Ayta: aplu
  - Northern Mindoro
    - Iraya: apro
  - Greater Central Philippine
    - Central Philippine
      - Tagalog: apdó
      - Bikol
        Bikol Central: apdó
        Buhi'non Bikol: apro
      - Mansakan
        Mansaka: apdo
        Tagakaulu Kalagan: apdu
      - Bisayan
        Asi
        Asi: ápro
        Cebu
        Cebuano: apdo
        West
        Aklanon: ápdoh
        Kinaray-a: apdo
        Central
        Hiligaynon: ápdo
        Masbatenyo: ápdo
        Waray-Waray: apdó
        Romblomanon: 'apdu
        South
        Tausug: apdu
    - Manobo
      - Agusan Manobo: apo'du
      - Dibabawon Manobo: apodu
      - Western Bukidnon Manobo: epezu
      - Ata Manobo: aporu
      - Obo Manobo: 'opoddu'
    - Palawanic
      - Brooke's Point Palawano: epdu
      - Aborlan Tagbanwa: apdu
      - Central Tagbanwa: ᝠᝩᝧᝳ (apdo)
    - Subanen
      - Central Subanen: pedu
      - Western Subanon: podu
    - Danao
      - Maranao: pedo
      - Maguindanao: pedu
    - South Mangyan
      - Hanunoo: apdú
    - Gorontalo–Mongondow
      - Gorontalo: polu
      - Mongondow: opoyu
  - Kalamian
    - Agutaynen: apdo
    - Calamian Tagbanwa: apdu
  - South Mindanao
    - Tiruray: fedew
    - Tboli: hedun
  - Sangiric: *pədu
    - Sangir: pedu
  - Minahasan: *apədu
    - Tonsawang: awedu
    - Tontemboan: aperu
    - Tombulu: apezuh
- Sama–Bajaw
  - Central Sama: pꞌddu
  - Southern Sama: puddu
  - Mapun: paddu
  - Yakan: peddu
- Basap–Barito
  - Basap: pedu
  - East Barito
    - Dusun Witu: peru
    - Ma'anyan: aperu
    - Malagasy: afero
  - Mahakam
    - Tunjung: poruʔ
  - West Barito
    - Ngaju: peru
    - >? Bakumpai: empedu
- North Bornean
  - Southwest Sabahan
    - Dusunic
      - Central Dusun: tompodu
      - Tobilung: tompodus
      - Rungus: ompodus
    - Murutic
      - Burusu: ampadu
    - Paitanic
      - Tombonuo: ompodu
  - North Sarawakan
    - Bintulu: ləpəɗəw
    - Berawan–Lower Baram
      - Kiput: pəsəuʔ
      - Narom: petew
    - Dayic
      - Lun Bawang: pesuh
      - Kelabit: pedtuh
    - Kenyah: *pədʰu-n
      - Penan
        Eastern Penan: petuh, pedun
        Western Penan: petuh, pedun
  - Central Sarawakan
    - Melanau–Kajang
      - Melanau
        Central Melanau: pedou
        Kanowit: pədəw
      - Kajang
        Sekapan: pərəw
        Kajaman: pərəw
        Lahanan: pərəw
    - Punan–Müller-Schwaner
      - Punan
        Punan Bah-Biau: laporu
        Punan Tubu: perun
        Punan Aput: parun
        Bukitan: parun
        Ukit: parun
      - Müller-Schwaner Punan
        Hovongan: porun
        Kereho: porun
        Aoheng: porun
- Kayanic
  - Kayan–Murik
    - Kayan
      - Busang Kayan: pərun
      - Bahau: pəruːn
    - Murik–Merap
      - Murik (Malaysia): pərun
      - Punan Merap: prəwŋʷ
  - Segai–Modang
    - Segai: ploə̯n~plɒn
    - Modang: pəloʔ
- Land Dayak: *padu
  - Benyadu–Bekati'
    - Benyadu': lampadu
    - Bekati': sampadṵː
  - Bidayuh
    - Bau Bidayuh: pudun
    - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: mpuduh
  - Southern Land Dayak
    - Jangkang: pudo
    - Ribun: puduh
    - Sanggau: mpudo̤
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
  - Batak
    - Northern
      - Dairi Batak: peggu
      - Karo Batak: pegu
    - Southern
      - Simalungun Batak: pogu
      - Toba Batak: pogu
      - Angkola Batak: pogu
      - Mandailing Batak: pogu
  - Gayo: pau
  - Nias: awökhu
  - Simeulue: areu
  - Mentawai: lappegu
- Rejang: pegau
- Lampungic
  - Lampung Api: hampedu, hamperu
  - Komering: haporu
- Malayo-Sumbawan
  - Malayic: *hAmpədu
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: empedu
      - Mualang: əmpədú
      - Seberuang: mpədu
    - Malayan
      - Malay: hempedu
        Indonesian: empedu
      - Minangkabau: ampedu
  - Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
    - Balinese: ᬅᬫ᭄ᬧ᭄ᬭᬸ (ampru)
    - Sasak: pepeduq
    - Sumbawa: pedu
  - Sundanese: hamperu
- Old Javanese: (h)amp(ĕ)ru
  - Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦸ (peru)
- South Sulawesi: *pɨzzu
  - Buginese: essu'/essung
  - Seko: *pùru
    - Seko Tengah: pa'du
    - Budong-Budong: pàdu
    - Panasuan: pàru
  - Northern
    - Toraja-Sa'dan: pa'du
    - Tae': pa'du
    - Duri: paqdu
- Celebic
  - Saluan–Banggai
    - Balantak: opoyu'
    - Taliabu: n-oyu-ñ
  - Kaili–Pamona
    - Uma: poju
    - Pamona: apoju
  - Tomini–Tolitoli
    - Tajio: opoyu
- Central Malayo-Polynesian
  - Bima: folu
  - Sumba–Flores
    - Sumba–Hawu
      - Sabu: eɗu
      - Kambera: ka-pídu
    - Western Flores
      - Manggarai–Rembong
        Komodo: peru
        Manggarai: pesu
      - Central Flores
        Ngadha: pedu
        Li'o: peyu
  - Flores–Lembata
    - Kedang: peyun
  - Kei–Tanimbar
    - Fordata: felurn-
  - Timoric
    - South–East Timor
      - Leti (Indonesia): eru
      - Luang: eri
    - West Timor
      - Bilba: hedu
    - Tetumic
      - Tetum: horun
  - Central Maluku
    - Nunusaku
      - Patakai–Manusela
        Manusela: wolu
      - Piru Bay
        Seit-Kaitetu: werun
        Asilulu: welu
        Boano (Maluku): n-enu

References edit

Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussell, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *qapejux.