Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *arbaidiją, *arbaidiz (“labour, work, hardship”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*arbaidōną

1. to work, to labour
2. to toil

Inflection

Conjugation of *arbaidōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*arbaidō	*arbaidǭ	—	*arbaidōi	?
2nd singular	*arbaidōsi	*arbaidōs	*arbaidō	*arbaidōsai	*arbaidōsau
3rd singular	*arbaidōþi	*arbaidō	*arbaidōþau	*arbaidōþai	*arbaidōþau
1st dual	*arbaidōs	*arbaidōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*arbaidōþiz	*arbaidōþiz	*arbaidōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*arbaidōmaz	*arbaidōm	—	*arbaidōnþai	*arbaidōnþau
2nd plural	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōþ	*arbaidōnþai	*arbaidōnþau
3rd plural	*arbaidōnþi	*arbaidōn	*arbaidōnþau	*arbaidōnþai	*arbaidōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*arbaidōdǭ	*arbaidōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*arbaidōdēz	*arbaidōdēdīz
3rd singular	*arbaidōdē	*arbaidōdēdī
1st dual	*arbaidōdēdū	*arbaidōdēdīw
2nd dual	*arbaidōdēdudiz	*arbaidōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*arbaidōdēdum	*arbaidōdēdīm
2nd plural	*arbaidōdēdud	*arbaidōdēdīd
3rd plural	*arbaidōdēdun	*arbaidōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*arbaidōndz	*arbaidōdaz

Related terms

• *arbaidijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *arbaidōn
  • Old English: earfodian
  • Old Frisian: arbêdia
    • Saterland Frisian: oarbaidje
    • West Frisian: arbeidzje
  • Old Saxon: arvidōn
    • Middle Low German: arbeiden (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
      • Low German: arbeiden
        • → Danish: arbejde
        • → Faroese: arbeiða
        • → Norwegian: arbeide, arbeida
        • → Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
          • Swedish: arbeta
  • Old High German: arabeitōn, arbeitōn
    • Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
      • Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita

        Cimbrian: arbatn, èrbatan

      • Kölsch: arbigge
      • German: arbeiten
      • Yiddish: אַרבעטן (arbetn)
• Old Norse: erfiða
  • Icelandic: erfiða