Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hummōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *km̥H-néh₂-ti, probably onomatopoeic from a root *kemH- (“to hum”). Cognate with Lithuanian kìmti (“wheeze, become hoarse”), kimùs (“hoarse”), Proto-Slavic *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”), *komãrъ (“mosquito”).

Verb

*hummōną

1. to hum

Inflection

Conjugation of *hummōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hummō	*hummǭ	—	*hummōi	?
2nd singular	*hummōsi	*hummōs	*hummō	*hummōsai	*hummōsau
3rd singular	*hummōþi	*hummō	*hummōþau	*hummōþai	*hummōþau
1st dual	*hummōs	*hummōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hummōþiz	*hummōþiz	*hummōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hummōmaz	*hummōm	—	*hummōnþai	*hummōnþau
2nd plural	*hummōþ	*hummōþ	*hummōþ	*hummōnþai	*hummōnþau
3rd plural	*hummōnþi	*hummōn	*hummōnþau	*hummōnþai	*hummōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hummōdǭ	*hummōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hummōdēz	*hummōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hummōdē	*hummōdēdī
1st dual	*hummōdēdū	*hummōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hummōdēdudiz	*hummōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hummōdēdum	*hummōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hummōdēdud	*hummōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hummōdēdun	*hummōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hummōndz	*hummōdaz

Related terms

• *humelaz (“bumblebee”)

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hummōn
  • Old English: hummen (“to buzz, hum”)
    • Middle English: hummen (“to hum, buzz, drone”)
      • English: hum
  • Dutch: hommelen (“to bumble, buzz”); hommen (“to buzz, hum”) (dialectal)
  • Middle High German: hummen (“to hum”)
    • German: hummen, hummeln
• Norwegian: humre (“whinny softly”)

Further reading

• Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*humela-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255: “m. 'bumblebee'”