Proto-Iranian
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Etymology
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From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas , from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos .
*Hácwah m [1] [2] [3]
horse
Inflection
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masculine a-stem
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*Hácwah
*Hácwā
*Hácwā
vocative
*Hácwa
*Hácwā
*Hácwā
accusative
*Hácwam
*Hácwā
*Hácwānh
instrumental
*Hácwā
*HácwaybyaH
*Hácwāyš
ablative
*Hácwāt
*HácwaybyaH
*Hácwaybyah
dative
*Hácwāy
*HácwaybyaH
*Hácwaybyah
genitive
*Hácwahya
*Hácwayāh
*Hácwānam
locative
*Hácway
*Hácwayaw
*Hácwayšu
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Central Iranian:
Northeastern Iranian:
Proto-Scythian: *áświ m , *áśwā f
Proto-Ossetic: *aspa Old Ossetic: *ӕspӕ , *ӕfsӕ Ossetian:Digor Ossetian: ӕфсӕ ( æfsæ ) Iron Ossetian: ефс ( efs )
Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *aświ Khotanese: 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀰 ( aśśä ) Tumshuqese: 𑀅𑀰 ( aśa ) Wakhi: yaš → Southwestern Fars:Burenjani: [Term?] ( /уʌšɛ/ ) , [script needed] ( yūrk )
Sogdo-Bactrian:
Bactrian: ασπο ( aspo /asp/ )
Khwarezmian: [script needed] ( ʾsb ) , [script needed] ( ʾsp /asp/ )
Proto-Sogdic: *áspah Sogdian:Buddhist: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 ( ʾspy /əspí/ ) Christian: ܣܦܝ ( spy /spí/ ) , ܐܣܦܝ ( ʾspy /ᵊspí/ ) Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫏 ( ʾspy /əspí/ ) Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 ( ʾspy /əspí/ ) Yagnobi: asp
Southeastern Iranian:
Munji-Yidgha:
Munji: [script needed] ( yōsp ) , [script needed] ( yosp )
Yidgha: [script needed] ( yā̌sp ) , [script needed] ( yasp )
Ormuri-Parachi:
Ormuri:
Kaniguram: [script needed] ( yāsp ) , [script needed] ( yansp )
Logar: [script needed] ( yâsp )
Parachi: ȫsp
Pathan: *ā́sᵽă- [3]
Pashto:
Afridi: [script needed] m ( wā̊s ) , [script needed] f ( wā̊spa )
Pashto: آس ( ās ) , اس m ( as ) , اسپه f ( áspa )
Waziri: [script needed] m ( wōs ) , [script needed] f ( wōspa )
Waneci: [script needed] ( ās )
Northwestern Iranian:
Baluchi:
Eastern Balochi: اسپ ( asp )
Western Balochi: اپس ( aps )
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: hesp
→ Old Armenian: հասբ ( hasb ) ( probably )
Central Kurdish: ئەسپ ( esp )
Southern Kurdish: ئەسپ ( esp )
Laki: ئەسپ ( esp )
Medo-Parthian:
Gurani: ئەسپ ( asp )
Komisenian:
Biyabanaki: [script needed] ( asp )
Lasgerdi: [script needed] ( asb )
Sangisari: [script needed] ( asb ) , اسم ( asm )
Sorkhei: [script needed] ( äsp ) , [script needed] ( äsm )
Old Median: *aspah Middle Median: *asp Kermanic:Farizandi, Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Khunsari, Natanzi, Zefrehi: asm Natanzi, Yazdi, Yarandi: asb Nayini: äsp Qohrudi, Vonishuni: asp Soi: äs Sivandi: usūr Tatic:Southern Tati: [Term?] ( asb ) Talysh: асп Semnani: [script needed] ( äsp ) → Akkadian:→ Late Babylonian: 𒊍𒉺𒀪 ( as-pa-ʾ /aspaʾ/ ) → Khinalug: спа ( spa ) → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎱 ( a-s-p /aspa/ ) Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭥𐭮𐭩𐭠 ( SWSYA /asp/ ) Bakhtiari: [script needed] ( asp ) Classical Persian: اسپ ( asp ) Iranian Persian: اسپ ( äsp ) , اسب ( äsb ) Tajik: асп ( asp ) Tat: [script needed] ( æs ) Judeo-Tat: гӀэсб ( ḩəsb ) → Southwestern Fars:Masarami: [script needed] ( äsp ) , [script needed] ( äsb ) Samghani: [script needed] ( asp ) → Larestani: [script needed] ( 'asp ) → Southern Luri: [script needed] ( asp )
Tabari:
Gilaki: [script needed] ( asp ) , [script needed] ( asb )
Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
Mazanderani: [script needed] ( asb )
Shahmirzadi: [script needed] ( asp ) , [script needed] ( asb )
Southwestern Iranian:
Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿 ( a-s /asa/ )
→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *ʼɨčʷe [4]
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʼičʷa [4]
Akhvakh: ичва ( ičʷa )
Andi: ица ( ica )
Avar: чу ( ču )
Chamalal: ис̌а ( iša )
Karata: ичва ( ičʷa , “ mare ” )
Dargwa: урчи ( urči )
Khinalug: пши ( pši )
Lak: чву ( čwu )
Lezgi: шив ( šiv )
→ Proto-Circassian: *č'ʷə [4]
Abkhaz: а-ҽы́ ( a-ĉə́ )
Kabardian: шы ( šə )
Ubykh: чы ( čə )
→ Georgian: აჩუ ( aču ) , აჩო ( ačo ) , ჰაჩო ( hačo , “ urge on horses ” ) , აცე ( ace , “ urge on donkeys ” ) , აჩუა ( ačua , “ horse ” ) ( nursery word ) [4]
→ Mingrelian: აჩუ ( aču , “ urge on horses; horse ” ) , აჩუა ( ačua , “ horse ” ) ( nursery word )
→ Tocharian B: etswe
References
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^ Rastorgujeva, V. S. , Edelʹman, D. I. (2000– ) “*āśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages ] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246
^ Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015 ) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation) [1] , Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley
↑ 3.0 3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013 ) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation) [2] , Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Witzel, Michael (2003 ) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129 )[3] , Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20