Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьma
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.
Noun edit
*tьmà f[1]
Declension edit
Declension of *tьmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tьmà | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| genitive | *tьmỳ | *tьmù | *tь̀mъ |
| dative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmàma | *tьmàmъ |
| accusative | *tьmǫ̀ | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| instrumental | *tьmòjǫ, *tь̀mǫ** | *tьmàma | *tьmàmī |
| locative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmù | *tьmàsъ, *tьmàxъ* |
| vocative | *tьmo | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms edit
- *tьmьnъ (“dark”)
Descendants edit
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References edit
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”
Further reading edit
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Verweij, Arno (1994) “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics)[2], volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., page 503
Etymology 2 edit
Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Turkish tümän, Kyrgyz түмөн (tümön).
Noun edit
| ← 10 | ← 1,000 | 10,000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: *tьma | ||||
*tьma f[1]
Declension edit
Declension of *tьma (hard a-stem)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tьma | *tьmě | *tьmy |
| genitive | *tьmy | *tьmu | *tьmъ |
| dative | *tьmě | *tьmama | *tьmamъ |
| accusative | *tьmǫ | *tьmě | *tьmy |
| instrumental | *tьmojǫ, *tьmǫ** | *tьmama | *tьmami |
| locative | *tьmě | *tьmu | *tьmasъ, *tьmaxъ* |
| vocative | *tьmo | *tьmě | *tьmy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants edit
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Slovene: təmà (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Polish: ćma
References edit
- ^ Marek Stachowski (2005) “Uwagi o zapożyczeniach ałtajskich w języku prasłowiańskim i kwestie pokrewne”, in Ewa Siemieniec-Gołaś, Marzanna Pomorska, editors, Turks and non-Turks. Studies on the history of linguistic and cultural contacts[1], volume 10, Kraków, →ISBN, *tъma ~ *tьma, page 445
Further reading edit
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress