Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vidla

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably originally plural form of **vidlo, from *viti (“to bend, twist”) +‎ *-dlo

Noun

*vidla f

1. pitchfork

Declension

Declension of *vidla (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*vidla	*vidlě	*vidly
genitive	*vidly	*vidlu	*vidlъ
dative	*vidlě	*vidlama	*vidlamъ
accusative	*vidlǫ	*vidlě	*vidly
instrumental	*vidlojǫ, *vidlǫ**	*vidlama	*vidlami
locative	*vidlě	*vidlu	*vidlasъ, *vidlaxъ*
vocative	*vidlo	*vidlě	*vidly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

See also

• *motovidlo, *motovidla

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: вила (vila)
    • Belarusian: ві́ла (víla), ві́лы pl (víly), відэ́лец (vidéljec, “fork”), ві́лка (vílka, “fork”)
    • Russian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лы pl (víly), ви́лка (vílka, “fork”)
    • Ukrainian: ви́ла (výla), ви́лка (výlka, “fork”), виде́лка (vydélka, “fork”)
  • Old Novgorodian: вигла (vigla)
    • → Estonian: vigl
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лица (vílica), ви́лка (vílka)
  • Macedonian: вила (vila), вилушка (viluška, “fork”)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ви̏ле̄ pl, виљушка, ви̏лица

    Latin script: vȉlē pl, viljuška, vȉlica

  • Slovene: víle, vílice pl (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: vidly
    • Czech: vidle pl
      • Bohemian (Chod dialect): bídle
      • Moravian (Mistřice): vidu̯i
  • Kashubian: widłë pl
  • Old Polish: widły pl
    • Polish: widły pl
  • Slovak: vidly pl, vidlička (“fork”)
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: widły pl, widlički pl (“fork”)
    • Lower Sorbian: widły pl, widlicki pl

References

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “вила”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “вилы”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 151
• Martynov V. V. (1983) Язык в пространстве и времени: к проблеме глоттогенеза славян, Moscow: Nauka, page 84
• Trubačev O. N. (1966) Ремесленная терминология в славянских языках: этимология и опыт групповой реконструкции, Moscow: Nauka, page 111