Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/barmak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Fedotov, ESTJa suggest a derivation from *bār (probably via an intermediary *bārï-) +‎ *-mak, if so the word may have had a vowel shortening as a result of length in the suffix.

Räsänen and Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *bar- (“to go to”) +‎ *-mak with semantic expansion.

Noun

*barmak

1. (Common Turkic, anatomy) finger

   Synonyms: *tarmak, *erŋek

2. (Siberian Turkic) branch

   Synonyms: *tarmak, *tāl, *būtïk

Declension

Declension of *barmak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*barmak
Accusative	*barmaknï, *barmakïg 4), *barmaknïg 1)
Genitive	*barmaknïŋ
Dative	*barmakka
Locative	*barmakda
Ablative	*barmakdan
Allative	*barmakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*barmakïn
Equative 2)	*barmakča
Similative 2)	*barmaklayu
Comitative 2)	*barmaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Common Turkic: *barmak

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: barmaq
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: بارمق (barmak)
    • Ajem-Turkic:
      • Azerbaijani: barmaq
      • Qashqai: بارماق
    • Ottoman Turkish: پرمق (parmak), پارمق (parmak), پرماق (parmak); փարմագ (parmak)
      • Gagauz: parmak
      • Turkish: parmak
      • → Romanian: palmac
  • Uyghur-Oghuz:
    • Salar: burmaq, bırmaq
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: barmak
  • → Khalaj: bırmaq
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)
    • Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)
    • Uzbek: barmoq
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: бармаҡ (barmaq)
    • Tatar: бармак (barmaq), барнак (barnaq)
    • → Bulgar: *parna
      • Chuvash: пӳрне (pürne)
      • → Eastern Mari: парня (parńa)
  • Cuman: barmac
    • Crimean Tatar: parmaq
    • Krymchak: parmaq
    • Karachay-Balkar: бармакъ (barmaq)
    • Karaim: пармакъ, бармах, barmak
    • Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: бармақ
      • Kazakh: бармақ (barmaq)
      • Nogai: бармак (barmak)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: бармак (barmak)
      • Southern Altai: бармак (barmak)
• Siberian:
  • South Siberian:
    • Khakas: [script needed] (parbax, “branched”)

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “parmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 182
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1978) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Nauka, page 66
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*biarŋak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• in Turkic Lexicon.[1]