Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/mak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic edit

Reconstruction notes edit

This reconstruction relies on rather thin evidence: the Old Turkic word occurs only once in the entire known corpus, and its correct reading remains problematic, as does the cognate in Karakhanid. An alternative view holds that the descendants in the contemporary Siberian languages are back-formations from *makta-, which, in turn, is a Mongolic loan according to this view. For the latter speaks the fact that /*m-/ is a rare, possibly even a completely absent onset in Proto-Turkic.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Radloff posited a derivation of *makta- from *mak-la-, through manner-assimilation of /-l/ by /-k/.^[4] Sanžejev held that most derivations are indeed from Mongolic *maɣta, but that it is itself from Turkic *mak as attested in Old Turkic^[5] The descendants section below treats the Mongolic forms as Turkic borrowings, but bear in mind that there could be three alternatives:

Turkic *mak → Turkic *makta → Mongolic *maɣta (as per Radloff, reflected in the descendants section)
Turkic *mak → Mongolic *maɣta → Turkic *makta (as per Sanžejev)
Mongolic *maɣta → Turkic *makta → Turkic *mak (back-formation hypothesis)

Noun edit

*mak

praise

Declension edit

Declension of *mak

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*mak
Accusative	maknï, makïg ⁴⁾, *maknïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*maknïŋ
Dative	*makka
Locative	*makda
Ablative	*makdan
Allative	*makgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*makïn
Equative ²⁾	*makča
Similative ²⁾	*maklayu
Comitative ²⁾	*maklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms edit

*makta-

Descendants edit

Karluk:
- >? Karakhanid: [script needed] (mağu) (Kutadgu Bilig, per Radloff^[6])
- Chagatai: ماق (maq)
Kipchak:
- Southern Altai: мак (mak)
- Teleut мақ
Siberian:
- >? Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰍 (mağ)^[7]
  - Northern Altai: пак (pak) (Kumandin dialect)
  - Khakas: мах (max)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *makta-
- Oghur:
  - Chuvash: мухта (muhta) (or from Kiphcak?)
- Common Turkic: *makta-

Oghuz:
- ⇒ Azerbaijani: maxtanmaq (unless via Kumyk)
- Turkmen: magtamak
Karluk:
- Chagatai: ماقتامق (maqtamaq)
  - Uzbek: maqtamoq
  - Uyghur: ماختاماق (maxtamaq), ماختاش (maxtash)
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: маҡтау (maqtaw)
  - Tatar: мактау (maqtaw)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: мақтаў
  - Kazakh: мақтау (maqtau)
  - Nogai: мактав (maktav)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: maqtamaq
  - Karachay-Balkar: махтаргъа (maxtarğa)
  - Kumyk: макътамакъ (maqtamaq)
- East Kypchak:
  - Southern Altai: макта (makta)
  - Kyrgyz: макта (makta)
  - Teleut мақта
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: махтан (maqtan, “to thank”)
    - → Evenki: макта (makta)^[8]
- South Siberian:
  - Khakas: махтирға (maxtirğa)
  - Tofa: маӄтаар
  - Northern Altai: пактыярга (paktïyarga) (Kumandin dialect)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *maɣta
- Classical Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ (maɣtaqu)
- Mongolian: магтах (magtax),
- Kalmyk: магтх (magtx),
- Buryat: магтаха (magtaxa),
- → Manchu: [script needed] (maktandumbi)
- → Nanai: мактаори (maktaori, “to praise”)
- → Ulch: макта, мактан, мактачӣ

References edit

^ Levitskaja, L. S., Blagova, G. F., Dybo, A. V., Nasilov, D. M., Pocelujevskij, Je. A. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VII, Moscow: Vostočnaja literatura, pages 12-14
^ Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 1087
^ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 321
^ Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1911) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume IV (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1997
^ Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 156
^ Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1911) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume IV (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 2002
^ Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page 335
^ Cincius, V. I. (1975) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Leningrad: Nauka, page 523

[1] Levitskaja, L. S., Blagova, G. F., Dybo, A. V., Nasilov, D. M., Pocelujevskij, Je. A. (2003) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VII, Moscow: Vostočnaja literatura, pages 12-14

[2] Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 1087

[3] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 321

[4] Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1911) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume IV (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1997

[5] Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 156

[6] Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1911) Опыт словаря тюркских наречий – Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte [Attempt at a Lexicon of the Turkic Dialects], volume IV (overall work in German and Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 2002

[7] Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page 335

[8] Cincius, V. I. (1975) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Leningrad: Nauka, page 523

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