adágathar

Old Irish

FWOTD – 13 May 2017

Alternative forms

• ad·ágadar, ad·áigethar

Etymology

From ad- + Proto-Celtic *āgītor, originally a perfect-only verb *āgetor (“to have become afraid”) and later adapted to the weak conjugation (class A II). From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe (“to be upset, afraid”), from *h₂egʰ-. Compare Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis), 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan); Old English eġe; Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos, “pain, grief”), ἄχνυμαι (ákhnumai, “I grieve”).

Forms with unpalatalized -ág- throughout the paradigm are regular, despite this verb being an A II verb. This is because the vowel á in the stem regularly suppressed word-internal non-syncope palatalization of a following consonant. The fact that this is an i-stem (A II) verb is revealed by the palatalization in the s-preterite forms. Forms with -áig- in the present indicative were palatalized analogically.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aðˈaːɣaθar/, /aðˈaːɣaðar/

Verb

ad·ágathar (prototonic ·ágathar, verbal noun áigthiu or áigsiu)

1. to fear, to dread, to stand in awe of
   • For quotations using this term, see Citations:adágathar.

Conjugation

Complex, class A II present, s preterite, f future, a and s subjunctive, deponent

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.	Passive pl.
Present indicative	Deut.	ad·águr		ad·ágathar, ad·ágadar, ad·áigethar	ad·ágammar		ad·áigetar	ad·áigther
	Prot.	·águr, ·ágor		·ágathar, ·áigethar, ·ágether	·ágammar		·ágetar, ·áigetar	·áigther	·áigter
Imperfect indicative	Deut.	ad·ágain, ad·ágainn
	Prot.	·ágainn					·áigtis
Preterite	Deut.			ad·ágastar, ad·áigestar, ad·áig	ad·áigsem
	Prot.			·ágastar, ·áigestar, ·áig			·áigset, ·áigsetar
Perfect	Deut.			ad·ráigestar	ad·ráigsemmar		ad·ráigset, ad·ráigsetar, ad·ráichsetar
	Prot.			·ráigestar	·ráigsemmar		·ráigset, ·ráigsetar
Future	Deut.	ad·áichfer		ad·áichfethar, ad·áichfedar
	Prot.	·áichfer		·áichfethar			·áichfetar
Conditional	Deut.
	Prot.				·áichfimis
Present subjunctive	Deut.		ad·áigther
	Prot.		·áigther, ·áigder, ·áigither; ·ágais	·ágathar			·áigset
Past subjunctive	Deut.	ad·ágainn
	Prot.	·ágainn; ·áigsinn, ·ágsainn		·ágsad				·áigthe
Imperative			áigthe, áig		ágam, ágamar		ágatar
Verbal noun		áigthiu, áigsiu
Past participle
Verbal of necessity

Related terms

• ágasta, áigesta (“to be feared, fearful, dreadful”)
• áigsech, áigthech (“terrifying, dreadful”)

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ad·ágathar (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	ad·n-ágathar
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ad·ágathar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language