afoul

English edit

Etymology edit

a- +‎ foul

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /əˈfaʊl/
Rhymes: -aʊl

Adverb edit

afoul (comparative more afoul, superlative most afoul)

(archaic, principally nautical) In a state of collision or entanglement.
The ships’ lines and sails were all afoul.
- 1840, Richard Henry Dana Jr., chapter 15, in Two Years Before the Mast‎^[1], New York: Harper & Bros., page 137:
  After paying out chain, we swung clear, but our anchors were no doubt afoul of hers.
- 1849, William F. Lynch, The Naval Officer, Chapter 2, in Graham’s Magazine, Volume 34, Number 3, March 1849,^[2]
  The atmosphere was soon thick and stifling, and the crews were working their guns with the energy of desperation, when a severe concussion, followed by a harsh and grating sound, told that the ships were afoul.
(with of) In a state of entanglement or conflict (with).
He had a knack for running afoul of the law.
- 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “Chapter 20”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:
  What the devil’s the matter with me? I don’t stand right on my legs. Coming afoul of that old man has a sort of turned me wrong side out.
- 1957 December 15, “Still in Business”, in Time:
  A hemispheric axiom has it that when a dictator falls afoul of Washington, his opponents are emboldened to try to topple him.
- 1979, Bernard Malamud, chapter 2, in Dubin’s Lives‎^[3], New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, page 79:
  Kings came to hear [Vivaldi’s] concerts but in the end he ran afoul of the Pope’s nuncio and fell out of favor, presumably for neglecting to say Mass […]
- 1993, Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle, The Gripping Hand‎^[4], New York: Pocket Books, published 1994, Part 1, Chapter 3, p. 28:
  He committed acts which put him afoul of Empire law, details classified, twenty-six years ago.

Usage notes edit

In contemporary English, afoul is mainly used in the phrases fall afoul (of) and run afoul (of).

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

foully

Translations edit

in a state of entanglement or conflict (with)

Finnish: sotkussa (entangled), hakauksessa (in conflict)
Portuguese: em conflito com, de encontro a, contra (pt)
Russian: в запу́ганном состоя́нии (v zapúgannom sostojánii), в противоре́чие с (v protivoréčije s), вразре́з с (vrazréz s), столкнове́ние с (stolknovénije s), напереко́р (ru) (naperekór)
Spanish: en conflicto con

Anagrams edit

AFOLU