atbaill

Old Irish edit

Alternative forms edit

ad·baill, at·bail

Etymology edit

From ess- (“out of”) +‎ Class B third-person singular neuter infixed pronoun d- (“it”) +‎ Proto-Celtic *balnīti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“throw”). Thus literally ‘throw it’, originally either a euphemism or slang.

The preterite forms in at·bath- and the verbal noun apthu are from ess- +‎ d- +‎ original preterite passive form of baïd (“to die”), from Proto-Celtic *bā-, *bayo-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“tread”) (via a euphemistic meaning similar to pass away).

Compare Middle Welsh aballu (“die, perish”) (from *ad-balni-), Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “throw”), Old English cwelan (“die”), Old Armenian կեղեմ (kełem, “torment, torture”), Lithuanian gėlà (“pain”)), compare Old Armenian կամ (kam, “to stand”), Latvian gāja (“went”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /adˈval͈ʲ/

Verb edit

at·baill (prototonic ·epil, verbal noun epeltu or apthu)

to perish, die
Synonyms: ara·chrin, baïd

For quotations using this term, see Citations:atbaill.

Conjugation edit

The identification of this verb's present conjugation class is highly controversial due to simultaneously exhibiting alternation between a nasal suffixed present (seen in the -ll- ← -ln- attested only in the present stem) and non-nasal-suffix non-present stems characteristic of B IV and B V verbs in addition to the palatalization pattern of a B I verb. Virtually every author places this verb in a different conjugation class. Thurneysen classifies this as B V,^[1] McCone classifies this as B III,^[2] Le Mair classifies this as B I,^[3] and Anderson creates an entire new conjugation class reserved for this verb, ernaid, sernaid, and marnaid.^[4]

Complex, class B V present, t preterite, é future, a subjunctive

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.	Passive pl.
Present indicative	Deut.	at·ball	at·baill	at·bail, at·baill, ad·baill; asind·bail (relative)	at·ballam	at·baillid	at·ballat	at·ballar
Present indicative	Prot.	·epul	·epil	·epil, ·apail	·eiplem	·eiplid	·eiplet	·apallar, ·epallar

Imperfect indicative	Deut.	at·baillinn	at·bailletha	at·bailled	at·bailmis	at·baillethae	at·bailtis	at·baillethae
Imperfect indicative	Prot.	·eiplinn	·eipletha	·eipled	·epilmis	·eiplethae	·eiplitis	·eiplethae

Preterite	Deut.	at·balt	at·bath	at·bath			at·bathatar; asind·bathatar (relative)		at·batha (with active meaning)
Preterite	Prot.			·apath			·apathatar		·aptha (with active meaning)

Perfect	Deut.	at·rubalt		at·rubalt			at·rubaltatar
Perfect	Prot.			·érbailt			·érbaltatar

Future	Deut.	at·bél	at·bélae	at·béla	at·bélam	at·bélaid	at·bélat
Future	Prot.			·epéla			·epélat

Conditional	Deut.			at·bélad	at·bélmis
Conditional	Prot.

Present subjunctive	Deut.	at·bel; asind·bel (relative)		at·bela; asin·bela (relative); at·roblea (ro-form)
Present subjunctive	Prot.			·eplea; ·érbala (ro-form)	·érbalam, ·ǽrbalam (ro-form)		·eplet; ·érbalat (ro-form)

Past subjunctive	Deut.	at·belain, at·belainn; asind·belain (relative)		at·belad; asind·belad (relative)	at·belmais		at·beltais
Past subjunctive	Prot.			·epled, ·aipled; ·érbalad (ro-form)			·epeltais, ·epíltis

Imperative							eiplet, aiplet

Verbal noun		epeltu, apthu
Past participle
Verbal of necessity

Descendants edit

Middle Irish: eplaid, ablaid

References edit

^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 552, page 357
^ McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 30–31
^ Le Mair, Esther (2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses (Ph.D. thesis), Galway: National University of Ireland, page 281
^ Anderson, Cormac (2016) Consonant colour and vocalism in the history of Irish (Ph.D. thesis), Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, page 277