em
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Attested since 1808. In typography, the em is named after the em quadrat (later called em quad), from m quadrat, a metal type used in letterpress typesetting, which is as wide as the point size of the font.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
em (plural ems)
- The name of the Latin-script letter M.
- The ems and ens at the beginnings and ends.
- 2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:
- It said, in a whispering, buzzing voice, "Gee-you-ess-ess-ay-dash-em-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-em-eye-en-gee-oh-dash-pee-eye-pee-dash-pee-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-pee-eye-en-gee-oh."
- (typography) A unit of measurement equal to the height of the type in use.
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) letter; a, bee, cee, dee, e, ef, gee, aitch, i, jay, kay, el, em, en, o, pee, cue, ar, ess, tee, u, vee, double-u, ex, wye, zee / zed
Etymology 2 edit
Pronoun edit
em
- Alternative form of 'em
Etymology 3 edit
Coined by Christine M. Elverson by removing the "th" from them, perhaps influenced by the pre-existing em/'em, now often perceived as apheretic forms of them (though originally unrelated).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
em (third-person singular, gender-neutral, objective case, reflexive emself, possessive adjective eir, possessive pronoun eirs)
- (rare, nonstandard) A gender-neutral third-person singular object pronoun, the objective case of ey or e, equivalent to the singular them and coordinate with him and her.
- 1986 April 1, Michael Spivak, The Joy of TeX: A Gourmet Guide to Typesetting with the AMS-TeX macro package[1], Providence: American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC Z253.4.T47 S673 1986, page 68:
- If the author uses such notation, it should be up to Em to indicate Eir intentions clearly, but there’s no harm checking first.
- 2000, Jane Love, “Ethics, Plugged and Unplugged: The Pegagogy of Disorderly Conduct”, in James A. Inman, Donna N. Sewell, editors, Taking flight with OWLs: Examining Electronic Writing Center Work[2], Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, LCC PE1414.T24 1999, page 193:
- 2023, Aimee Ogden, “A Half-Remembered World”, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, vol. 145, no. 1-2, whole no. 768 (July/August 2023), pages 146-202
- “You idiot girl! Are you childsick?” She grabbed Asu’s wrist; Asu made no effort to twist away. “Sand and soil, tell me you’re not pregnant. Is it that—what’s eir name? Aeran? Have you lain with em? Tell me!”
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Etymology 4 edit
Compare um.
Pronunciation edit
Interjection edit
em
- (Scotland, Ireland) a form of hesitant speech, or an expression of uncertainty; um; umm; erm
- She was abused by, em... David, I think. That was his name, he's a real em... what's the word, narcissist. You should really stay away from him.
Etymology 5 edit
Noun edit
em (plural ems)
- The name of the Cyrillic script letter М / м.
Anagrams edit
Bislama edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
em
- Alternative form of hem (“he, she”)
See also edit
singular | dual | trial | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | mi | mitufala | mitrifala | mifala |
inclusive | — | yumitu, yumitufala | yumitrifala | yumi | |
2nd person | yu | yutufala | yutrifala | yufala | |
3rd person | neutral | hem, em | tufala | trifala | ol1), olgeta |
collective | — | tugeta | trigeta | — | |
1) Used only as an object of a preposition or a verb. *) Some speakers may not distinguish various plurality categories, using only one or two plural pronouns. **) The collective pronouns specify that the action is performed by all subjects together, rather than on their own. |
References edit
- Terry Crowley (2004) Bislama Reference Grammar, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi press, →ISBN, page 14
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Latin mē, from Proto-Indo-European *(e)me-.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
em (proclitic, contracted m', enclitic me, contracted enclitic 'm)
- me (direct or indirect object)
Usage notes edit
- em is the reinforced (reforçada) form of the pronoun. It is used before verbs beginning with a consonant.
- Em dic… ― My name is… (literally, “I call myself…”)
Declension edit
Central Franconian edit
Etymology 1 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
em
- (most dialects) Reduced form of im (“to him”).
Etymology 2 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation edit
Article edit
em
- (most dialects) Reduced form of däm (“to the”).
Usage notes edit
- The normal reduced form is dem (also spelt d'm). The further reduction is used especially after prepositions.
Etymology 3 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation edit
Contraction edit
em
Alternative forms edit
Etymology 4 edit
From Old High German umbi
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
em (+ accusative)
Alternative forms edit
Czech edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
em n (indeclinable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter M.
Further reading edit
Daur edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
em
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
èm
- The name of the Latin-script letter M/m.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
Further reading edit
- “em” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Latin edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
em f (indeclinable)
- The name of the letter M.
Usage notes edit
- Multiple Latin names for the letter M, m have been suggested. The most common is em or a syllabic m, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, mē, əm, mə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιμμε (imme).
Coordinate terms edit
- (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta
Etymology 2 edit
Fossilised (2nd person singular) imperative of emō.
Interjection edit
em
- of wonder or emphasis, there!
References edit
- "em", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- "em", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- em in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to sully one's fair fame: vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere
- to sully one's fair fame: vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere
- Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
- Hannah Rosén (1999). Latine loqui: trends and directions in the crystallization of classical Latin. München: Fink. p. 47
Latvian edit
Pronunciation edit
(file) |
Noun edit
em m (invariable)
- The Latvian name of the Latin script letter M/m.
See also edit
- Latvian letter names:
Lower Sorbian edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
em m inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter m.
See also edit
Luxembourgish edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
em
- Reduced form of him
Declension edit
nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | ||||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | de | dech | — | dir | der | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (formal) |
Dir | Der | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | ||
3rd person singular | m | hien | en | hien | en | him | em | sech | |
f | si | se | si | se | hir | er | sech | ||
n | hatt | et ('t) | hatt | et ('t) | him | em | sech | ||
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | ||
2nd person plural | dir | der | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | ||
3rd person plural | si | se | si | se | hinnen | en | sech |
Marshallese edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
em
References edit
Middle English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Old English ēam (“maternal uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim, from Proto-Germanic *awahaimaz.
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
em (plural emes)
- uncle (brother of one's parents)
- Synonym: uncle
- (rare) progenitor, forefather
- (rare) nephew (son of one's sibling)
Descendants edit
References edit
- “ēm, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2 edit
Pronoun edit
em
- Alternative form of hem (“them”)
Etymology 3 edit
Verb edit
em
- Alternative form of am
Northern Kurdish edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
em (oblique me)
- we; us (first-person plural personal pronoun)
See also edit
Northern Ohlone edit
Etymology edit
Compare Southern Ohlone men- (“your”).
Pronoun edit
em
- your (second-person, singular, possesive pronoun)
References edit
María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)[5], Unpublished
Old Frisian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-West Germanic *auhaim (“maternal uncle”).
Noun edit
ēm m
- an uncle, mother's brother
Inflection edit
Declension of ēm (masculine a-stem) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ēm | ēmar, ēma |
genitive | ēmes | ēma |
dative | ēme | ēmum, ēmem |
accusative | ēm | ēmar, ēma |
Old Norse edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *immi ("am"; a form of the verb *wesaną (“to be; dwell”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (“I am, I exist”). Cognate with English am, Gothic 𐌹𐌼 (im, “am”), Latin sum (“am”), Ancient Greek εἰμί (eimí), Albanian jam (“I am”), Sanskrit अस्मि (ásmi), Latvian esmu (“(I) am”), esam (“we are”).
Verb edit
em
- I am, first-person of vera (meaning "to be")
Derived terms edit
Pennsylvania German edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Article edit
em (definite)
Declension edit
Pennsylvania German definite articles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative | der | die | es | die |
Dative | dem or em | der | dem or em | de |
Accusative | der or den | die | es | die |
Pronoun edit
em
Declension edit
singular | plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar |
2nd person polite/formal |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du de1 |
dihr der1 Sie |
er | sie se1 |
es | mir mer1 |
dihr der1 |
sie |
dative | mir mer1 |
dir der1 |
eich Ihne Ne1 |
ihm em1 |
ihre re1 |
ihm em1 |
uns | eich | ihne ne1 |
accusative | mich | dich | eich Sie |
ihn en1 |
sie se1 |
es | sie |
1unstressed
Portuguese edit
Etymology edit
From Old Galician-Portuguese en, from Latin in (“in”), from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Doublet of in.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
em
- in; inside; within (contained by)
- Estou em minha casa.
- I’m in my house.
- Encontraram umas moedas no baú.
- They found some coins inside the chest.
- on; on top of (located just above the surface of)
- O livro está na mesa.
- The book is on the table.
- 2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 417:
- Então o sorriso reapareceu em seu rosto [...]
- Then the smile reappeared on his face [...]
- in; at (located in a location)
- Os soldados estão na Crimeia.
- The soldiers are in Crimea.
- in (part of; a member of)
- Só três jogadores ainda estão nesta equipa/e.
- Only three players are still in this team.
- in; into; inside (towards the inside of)
- A água entrou em várias casas.
- The water got into various houses.
- indicates the target of an action
- Quero dar um soco na tua cara.
- I want to punch you in the face.
- Mete um processo neles.
- Shove a lawsuit down their throats.
- in (pertaining to the particular thing)
- Ela não passou em inglês.
- She didn’t pass in English.
- in (immediately after a period of time)
- Entraremos em contato com você em duas semanas.
- We will get in contact with you in two weeks.
- in; during (within a period of time)
- O jornal será publicado no dia cinco.
- The newspaper will be published on the fifth.
- at; in (in a state of)
- Estamos em perigo!
- We’re in danger!
- in (indicates means, medium, format, genre or instrumentality)
- Fomos pagos em moeda estrangeira.
- We were paid in foreign currency.
- in (indicates a language, script, tone etc. of writing, speaking etc.)
- Li um livro em holandês.
- I read a book in Dutch.
- in (wearing)
- A moça em preto.
- The lady in black.
- (slang) indicates that the object deserves a given punishment
- Cadeia nele!
- He should be in jail!
- (literally, “jail on him!”)
Usage notes edit
When followed by an article, a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, em is combined with the next word to give the following combined forms:
Em + article | Combined form |
---|---|
em + o | no |
em + a | na |
em + os | nos |
em + as | nas |
em + um | num |
em + uma | numa |
em + uns | nuns |
em + umas | numas |
Em + pronoun | Combined form |
---|---|
em + ela | nela |
em + elas | nelas |
em + ele | nele |
em + eles | neles |
Em + dem. pronoun | Combined form |
---|---|
em + aquela | naquela |
em + aquelas | naquelas |
em + aquele | naquele |
em + aqueles | naqueles |
em + aquilo | naquilo |
em + esse | nesse |
em + essa | nessa |
em + esses | nesses |
em + essas | nessas |
em + este | neste |
em + esta | nesta |
em + estes | nestes |
em + estas | nestas |
em + isso | nisso |
em + isto | nisto |
em + outra | noutra |
em + outras | noutras |
em + outro | noutro |
em + outros | noutros |
Quotations edit
For quotations using this term, see Citations:em.
Synonyms edit
Salar edit
Etymology edit
Cognate with Turkmen, Turkish em, Kyrgyz, Tuvan, Southern Altai эм (em), Kazakh ем (em), etc.
Noun edit
em
References edit
- Tenishev, Edhem (1976), “em”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 324
- 张, 进锋 (Ayso Cañ Cinfen) (2008), 乌璐别格 (Ulubeğ), 鄭初陽 (Çuyañ Yebey oğlı Ceñ), editors, Salar İbret Sözler 撒拉尔谚语 [Salar Proverbs][6], China Salar Youth League, page 2
Scots edit
Verb edit
em
- (South Scots) emphatic first-person singular simple present of ti be
See also edit
Serbo-Croatian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish هم (hem), from Persian هم (ham).
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
em … em … (Cyrillic spelling ем … ем …)
- not only … but also
- Em me bio em još da mu kažem hvala. ― Not only did he beat me up but he also wanted me to tell him thanks.
Swedish edit
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
em
- pm (indicating hours in the afternoon); abbreviation of eftermiddagen.
Usage notes edit
- Since the 1960s, Sweden primarily uses the 24 hour clock, making am/pm abbreviations unnecessary and less common
Antonyms edit
Tagalog edit
Etymology edit
From English em, the English name of the letter M/m.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
em (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜋ᜔)
- The name of the Latin-script letter M/m, in the Filipino alphabet.
Derived terms edit
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) titik; ey, bi, si, di, i, ef, dyi, eyts, ay, dyey, key, el, em, en, enye, en dyi, o, pi, kyu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dobolyu, eks, way, zi
Further reading edit
- “em”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Tok Pisin edit
Etymology edit
Pronoun edit
em
- The third person singular pronoun refers to a person or thing other than the speaker or the person being spoken to. Pronouns in Tok Pisin are not inflected for different cases.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
See also edit
Torres Strait Creole edit
Etymology edit
Pronoun edit
em
Veps edit
Verb edit
em
Vietnamese edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Vietic *ʔɛːm, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(sʔ)iəm; cognate with Pacoh a-em (“younger sibling”).
According to Phan Kế Bính's Việt Nam phong tục (1915), apparently the practice of calling each other anh-em for those in relationship originated from the province of Quảng Nam:
— Vợ chồng con nhà sang trọng, gọi nhau bằng cậu mợ, thầy thông thầy phán thì gọi nhau bằng thầy cô, nhà thường thì gọi nhau bằng anh chị. Có con rồi thì gọi nhau bằng thầy em đẻ em, nhà thô tục thì gọi nhau là bố cu mẹ đĩ, có người thì gọi bố nó mẹ nó, có người cả hai vợ chồng gọi lẫn nhau là nhà ta. Ở Quảng-Nam thì vợ gọi chồng là anh, chồng gọi vợ là em. Ở Nghệ Tĩnh vợ chồng gọi là gấy nhông.
Spouses from wealthy families tend to call each other cậu and mợ; those employed by the government prefer thầy and cô; while in an average household, they call each other anh and chị. Couples with children call each other thầy em [father of the little one] and đẻ em [mother of the little one], while those from low-born families use bố cu and mẹ đĩ; there are also those who say bố nó and mẹ nó and those who both call each other nhà ta. In Quảng Nam, a housewife would call her husband anh and a husband would call his wife em. In Nghệ Tĩnh, "husband and wife" is called gấy nhông.
Pronunciation edit
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔɛm˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔɛm˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʔɛm˧˧]
Audio (Hà Nội) (file)
Noun edit
(classifier đứa, thằng, con) em • (㛪, 俺, 腌)
- a younger sibling
- thằng em của em ― my younger brother
- a cousin who is descended from an ancestor who is/was a younger sibling to oneself's or one's spouse's (such as a child of a younger sibling of one of one's parents or a grandchild of a younger sibling of one of one's grandparents)
- Synonym: em họ
- - Sao anh lại gọi chú ấy là thầy ? Chú ấy là em của em. Chú ấy cũng là em của anh.
- Anh thấy mình nên tôn trọng cái có trước. Thầy ấy là thầy của anh từ trước khi anh lấy em.- - Why did you call him "teacher"? He's my "younger sibling", meaning he's yours, too.
- I felt like I should respect what comes first. He was my teacher long before we're married.
- - Why did you call him "teacher"? He's my "younger sibling", meaning he's yours, too.
- a person younger than oneself but of the same generation
- (formal) a child or a student
- 2021, Tâm An, “Cận cảnh các em học sinh tiểu học ăn ngủ, sinh hoạt trong khu cách ly tại trường”, in Tuổi trẻ online[7]:
- Cận cảnh các em học sinh tiểu học ăn ngủ, sinh hoạt trong khu cách ly tại trường
- Close-up of primary students living in school quarantine
Quotations edit
For quotations using this term, see Citations:em.
Derived terms edit
- em gái (㛪𡛔, “younger sister”)
- em trai (俺𤳆, 㛪𤳆, “younger brother”)
Pronoun edit
- pronoun used to refer to any person (oneself, the addressee, or any third person) described by the noun em above
- (familiar) pronoun used to refer to younger person of the same generation
- pronoun used to refer to younger siblings or cousins descended from an ancestor who is/was a younger sibling to one's own or one's spouse's
- (formal) pronoun used to refer to a child or a student
- Synonym: con
- Viết một đoạn văn ngắn miêu tả một thứ bố em làm cho em.
- Write a short essay describing something your father made for you.
- pronoun used to refer to the girl or woman in a romantic relationship
- (Can we date this quote?), Alexander Pushkin, translated by Hoàng Thúy Toàn, Tôi yêu em [I Loved You], translation of Я вас любил:
- Tôi yêu em âm thầm, không hi vọng, / Lúc rụt rè, khi hậm hực lòng ghen, / Tôi yêu em, yêu chân thành, đằm thắm, / Cầu em được người tình như tôi đã yêu em.
- I loved you, without words, without hope, / Sometimes I felt shy, sometimes I felt tortured with jealousy, / I loved you, truly and deeply, / I pray you will find someone who loves you as much as I ever did.
Usage notes edit
Textbooks tend to assume grade schoolers and middle schoolers to be young enough to be called em (literally “little sibling”), but high schoolers to be old enough to be called anh (“big brother”) and chị (“big sister”).
Quotations edit
For quotations using this term, see Citations:em.
Adjective edit
See also edit
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
em f (plural emiau)
- The name of the Latin-script letter M.
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
em | unchanged | unchanged | hem |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also edit
Yola edit
Etymology edit
From Middle English hem, from Old English heom.
Pronoun edit
em
- Alternative form of him
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
- Ich knouth em.
- I know him.
References edit
- Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 51