endurcir
French edit
Etymology edit
From en- + dur + -ir, based on Latin indūrēscere, dūrēscere.
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Verb edit
endurcir
- (transitive) to harden (make harder)
- (transitive) to harden, inure
- Synonym: aguerrir
Conjugation edit
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of endurcir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | endurcir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | endurcissant /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | endurci /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcit /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcissons /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɔ̃/ |
endurcissez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.se/ |
endurcissent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
| imperfect | endurcissais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/ |
endurcissais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/ |
endurcissait /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/ |
endurcissions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sjɔ̃/ |
endurcissiez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sje/ |
endurcissaient /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcit /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcîmes /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sim/ |
endurcîtes /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sit/ |
endurcirent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.siʁ/ | |
| future | endurcirai /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁe/ |
endurciras /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁa/ |
endurcira /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁa/ |
endurcirons /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɔ̃/ |
endurcirez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁe/ |
endurciront /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | endurcirais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/ |
endurcirais /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/ |
endurcirait /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/ |
endurcirions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁjɔ̃/ |
endurciriez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁje/ |
endurciraient /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | endurcisse /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
endurcisses /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
endurcisse /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
endurcissions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sjɔ̃/ |
endurcissiez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sje/ |
endurcissent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
| imperfect2 | endurcisse /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
endurcisses /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ |
endurcît /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
endurcissions /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sjɔ̃/ |
endurcissiez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sje/ |
endurcissent /ɑ̃.dyʁ.sis/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | endurcis /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si/ |
— | endurcissons /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.sɔ̃/ |
endurcissez /ɑ̃.dyʁ.si.se/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “endurcir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.