esfreer

Old French

Alternative forms

• esfreder (archaic)
• esfreier, effreer, esfrer, esfroier, effroier
• afrayer, affraer, affraier

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *exfridāre. Attested in the Passion du Christ.

Pronunciation

• (archaic) IPA^(key): /esfɾeˈðeːɾ/
• (classical) IPA^(key): /efɾe(j)ˈeːɾ/, /-ojˈeːɾ/, /a-/

Verb

esfreer

1. (transitive) to scare; to frighten
2. (reflexive, s'esfreer) to be scared; to be afraid

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb has a stressed present stem esfroi distinct from the unstressed stem esfre. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of esfreer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		esfreer			avoir esfreé
gerund		en esfreant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		esfreant
past participle		esfreé
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	esfroi	esfroies	esfroie	esfreons	esfreez	esfroient
	imperfect	esfreoie, esfreeie, esfreoe, esfreeve	esfreoies, esfreeies, esfreoes, esfreeves	esfreoit, esfreeit, esfreot, esfreeve	esfreïiens, esfreïens	esfreïiez, esfreïez	esfreoient, esfreeient, esfreoent, esfreevent
	preterite	esfreai	esfreas	esfrea	esfreames	esfreastes	esfreerent
	future	esfreerai	esfreeras	esfreera	esfreerons	esfreeroiz, esfreereiz, esfreerez	esfreeront
	conditional	esfreeroie, esfreereie	esfreeroies, esfreereies	esfreeroit, esfreereit	esfreeriiens, esfreeriens	esfreeriiez, esfreeriez	esfreeroient, esfreereient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	esfroi	esfrois	esfroit	esfreons	esfreez	esfroient
	imperfect	esfreasse	esfreasses	esfreast	esfreïssons, esfreïssiens	esfreïssoiz, esfreïssez, esfreïssiez	esfreassent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	esfroie	—	esfreons	esfreez	—

Descendants

• Middle French: effrayer, effraer, effreer, effroyer
  • French: effrayer
• Norman: affrayer
• Picard: effrayeu, èfroûyeu (Athois)
• Walloon: èwarer (Liégeois), sibarer, esbarer, sbarer
• Middle English: affrayen, affraien; affrayed, affraied (pp.)
  • English: affray; afraid

References

• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “*exfrĭdare”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volumes 3: D–F, page 293