esik
Hungarian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Ugric *eskä-, from Proto-Uralic *ećɜ- (“to fall”).[1][2]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
esik
- (intransitive) to fall
- (intransitive, normally supplemented with the name of the precipitation) to rain, to snow
- (intransitive) to fall somewhere, to happen to be at some place or time (of an event on some day of the week or month or the stress on a particular syllable)
- (intransitive) to go down, to tumble, to drop, drop off, drop away (e.g. price or popularity)
- (intransitive) to (happen to) be found, to lie, to be situated somewhere
- (intransitive) to fall into or get into a situation (e.g. falling victim to someone or something)
- (intransitive) to fall or belong within the scope, force, power, or effect of something, to be subject or liable to some regulation or jurisdiction
- Synonym: tartozik
- (intransitive) to be affected, to feel in some way (with -nak/-nek for the person affected)
- Hogy esne neked, ha…? ― How would you like/feel if …?
- Jólesett az ebéd. ― approx. The lunch felt/was good.
- (intransitive) to happen, to come about
- (intransitive) to attack, assail (with -nak/-nek)
- Synonym: támad
Conjugation edit
conjugation of esik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | esem or esek |
esel | esik | esünk | estek | esnek | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | estem | estél | esett | estünk | estetek | estek | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. esni fog. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | esék or esém |
esél | ese or esék |
esénk | esétek | esének | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. esik vala, esett vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | esendek (or esendem) |
esendesz (or esendel) |
esend (or esendik*) |
esendünk | esendetek | esendenek | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | esnék (or esném) |
esnél | esne (or esnék*) |
esnénk | esnétek | esnének | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. esett volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | essek or essem |
ess or essél |
essen or essék |
essünk | essetek | essenek | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. esett légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | esni | esnem | esned | esnie | esnünk | esnetek | esniük | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| esés | eső | esett | esendő | esve (esvén) | ejt | ||||
potential conjugation of esik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | eshetek (or eshetem) |
eshetsz (or eshetel) |
eshet (or eshetik) |
eshetünk | eshettek | eshetnek | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | eshettem | eshettél | eshetett | eshettünk | eshettetek | eshettek | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | esheték or eshetém |
eshetél | eshete or esheték |
esheténk | eshetétek | eshetének | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. eshet vala, eshetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | eshetendek or esandhatok (or eshetendem or esandhatom) |
eshetendesz or esandhatsz (or eshetendel or esandhatol) |
eshetend or esandhat (or eshetendik or esandhatik*) |
eshetendünk or esandhatunk |
eshetendetek or esandhattok |
eshetendenek or esandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | eshetnék (or eshetném) |
eshetnél | eshetne (or eshetnék*) |
eshetnénk | eshetnétek | eshetnének | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. eshetett volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | eshessek (or eshessem) |
eshess or eshessél |
eshessen (or eshessék) |
eshessünk | eshessetek | eshessenek | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. eshetett légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (eshetni) | (eshetnem) | (eshetned) | (eshetnie) | (eshetnünk) | (eshetnetek) | (eshetniük) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (eshetve / eshetvén) | ||||
Derived terms edit
(With verbal prefixes):
Compound words
Expressions
References edit
- ^ Entry #127 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ esik in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading edit
- esik in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- esik in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)