extern
English edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle French externe or its etymon Latin externus.
Noun edit
extern (plural externs)
- A person affiliated with an institution in a lesser capacity, for example, as a non-resident or as a part-time affiliate.
- A day-scholar.
- Outward form or part; exterior.
Adjective edit
extern
- (obsolete, rare) External; outward; not inherent
- c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:
- Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, / But seeming so, for my particular end, / For when my outward action doth demonstrate / The native act and figure of my heart / In complement extern, 'tis not long after / But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve / For daws to peck at.
- 1663, Edward Waterhous [i.e., Edward Waterhouse], chapter XIV, in Fortescutus Illustratus; or A Commentary on that Nervous Treatise De Laudibus Legum Angliæ, Written by Sir John Fortescue Knight, […], London: […] Tho[mas] Roycroft for Thomas Dicas […], →OCLC, page 214:
- For if the ſoul of man vvere emancipated by virtue, it vvould not need any regulation or monition, beſides that of its invvard Tribunal; vvhich becauſe ſin does uſurp upon, has ſome relief from thoſe extern adjuments.
References edit
- John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “extern”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.
- William Shakespeare (1603) The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice, Penguin Books, published 2001
Etymology 2 edit
Short for external; used as a keyword in these programming languages.
Noun edit
extern (plural externs)
- (programming) In the C and C++ programming languages, a variable that can be separately declared in many places, all of them referring to the same variable.
- 1995, Martin L. Rinehart, Learn C++ Today!, page 552:
- Finally, get rid of the two function declarations and two externs that we added at the top of TEFIL.CPP so that we could support file_open().
- 2018, Brian Beuken, The Fundamentals of C/C++ Game Programming:
- This is probably the big thing with C++, the more you can avoid global concepts and nasty externs the better, an object/class should be totally self-contained.
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
extern (feminine externa, masculine plural externs, feminine plural externes)
- external
- Antonym: intern
- inessential
- Synonym: inessencial
- Antonyms: intern, essencial
- (education) off-campus (pertaining to a student who is at a school only during classes)
- Antonym: intern
- (geology) Pertaining to foreland, the zone where material eroded from a mountain chain is deposited
Hyponyms edit
- (external): aliè (“external to a social group”)
Derived terms edit
See also edit
- avantpaís (“foreland”)
Noun edit
extern m (plural externs, feminine externa)
- (education) off-campus student
- Antonym: intern
Further reading edit
- “extern” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “extern”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “extern” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “extern” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French externe, from Latin externus.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
extern (not comparable)
Inflection edit
Inflection of extern | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
uninflected | extern | |||
inflected | externe | |||
comparative | — | |||
positive | ||||
predicative/adverbial | extern | |||
indefinite | m./f. sing. | externe | ||
n. sing. | extern | |||
plural | externe | |||
definite | externe | |||
partitive | externs |
German edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
extern (strong nominative masculine singular externer, not comparable)
Declension edit
Positive forms of extern (uncomparable)
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist extern | sie ist extern | es ist extern | sie sind extern | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | externer | externe | externes | externe |
genitive | externen | externer | externen | externer | |
dative | externem | externer | externem | externen | |
accusative | externen | externe | externes | externe | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der externe | die externe | das externe | die externen |
genitive | des externen | der externen | des externen | der externen | |
dative | dem externen | der externen | dem externen | den externen | |
accusative | den externen | die externe | das externe | die externen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein externer | eine externe | ein externes | (keine) externen |
genitive | eines externen | einer externen | eines externen | (keiner) externen | |
dative | einem externen | einer externen | einem externen | (keinen) externen | |
accusative | einen externen | eine externe | ein externes | (keine) externen |
Further reading edit
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French externe, from Latin externus.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
extern m or n (feminine singular externă, masculine plural externi, feminine and neuter plural externe)
Declension edit
Declension of extern
singular | plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | neuter | feminine | masculine | neuter | feminine | ||
nominative/ accusative |
indefinite | extern | externă | externi | externe | ||
definite | externul | externa | externii | externele | |||
genitive/ dative |
indefinite | extern | externe | externi | externe | ||
definite | externului | externei | externelor | externilor |
Further reading edit
- extern in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
Swedish edit
Adjective edit
extern
Declension edit
Inflection of extern | |||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative2 |
Common singular | extern | mer extern | mest extern |
Neuter singular | externt | mer externt | mest externt |
Plural | externa | mer externa | mest externa |
Masculine plural3 | externe | mer externa | mest externa |
Definite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
Masculine singular1 | externe | mer externe | mest externe |
All | externa | mer externa | mest externa |
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. 3) Dated or archaic |