flecto

Latin edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Italic *flektō, of uncertain ultimate origin, lacking any solid Indo-European cognates. Possible Proto-Indo-European predecessors include *bʰleK-, *dʰleK- (which points to an earlier form *θlektō), and *gʷʰleK- (which points to an earlier form *xʷlektō).

Matasović has connected flectō with Proto-Slavic *gleznъ (“ankle”), reconstructing Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰleǵʰ- to account for both.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈflek.toː/, [ˈfɫ̪ɛkt̪oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈflek.to/, [ˈflɛkt̪o]

Verb edit

flectō (present infinitive flectere, perfect active flexī, supine flexum); third conjugation

to bend, curve or bow
to deviate, distract
Synonyms: arceō, prōpulsō, dīvertō, dēclīnō, āvertō, āspernor, dēmoveō, dēflectō, trānsvertō
to turn or curl
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.155–156:
  [...] genitor caelōque invectus apertō
  flectit equōs currūque volāns dat lōra secundō.
  [...] Father [Neptune], [now] riding under a clear sky, turns [his] team and gives rein to [his] swift-following chariot [as it] flies.
(figuratively) to persuade, prevail upon, or soften
Synonyms: persuādeō, convincō, trahō, perpellō, admoneō

Conjugation edit

Conjugation of flectō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	flectō	flectis	flectit	flectimus	flectitis	flectunt
	imperfect	flectēbam	flectēbās	flectēbat	flectēbāmus	flectēbātis	flectēbant
	future	flectam	flectēs	flectet	flectēmus	flectētis	flectent
	perfect	flexī	flexistī	flexit	fleximus	flexistis	flexērunt, flexēre
	pluperfect	flexeram	flexerās	flexerat	flexerāmus	flexerātis	flexerant
	future perfect	flexerō	flexeris	flexerit	flexerimus	flexeritis	flexerint
passive	present	flector	flecteris, flectere	flectitur	flectimur	flectiminī	flectuntur
	imperfect	flectēbar	flectēbāris, flectēbāre	flectēbātur	flectēbāmur	flectēbāminī	flectēbantur
	future	flectar	flectēris, flectēre	flectētur	flectēmur	flectēminī	flectentur
	perfect	flexus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	flexus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	flexus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	flectam	flectās	flectat	flectāmus	flectātis	flectant
	imperfect	flecterem	flecterēs	flecteret	flecterēmus	flecterētis	flecterent
	perfect	flexerim	flexerīs	flexerit	flexerīmus	flexerītis	flexerint
	pluperfect	flexissem	flexissēs	flexisset	flexissēmus	flexissētis	flexissent
passive	present	flectar	flectāris, flectāre	flectātur	flectāmur	flectāminī	flectantur
	imperfect	flecterer	flecterēris, flecterēre	flecterētur	flecterēmur	flecterēminī	flecterentur
	perfect	flexus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	flexus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	flecte	—	—	flectite	—
active	future	—	flectitō	flectitō	—	flectitōte	flectuntō
passive	present	—	flectere	—	—	flectiminī	—
passive	future	—	flectitor	flectitor	—	—	flectuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		flectere	flexisse	flexūrum esse	flectī	flexum esse	flexum īrī
participles		flectēns	—	flexūrus	—	flexus	flectendus, flectundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		flectendī	flectendō	flectendum	flectendō	flexum	flexū

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Gallo-Romance:
- Old French: fletir
- Old Occitan: fletir
Italo-Romance:
- ⇒ Central Italian: affiette (“bend down”) (Macerata)
- Neapolitan: fiette (“compel”) (Abruzzo)
Vulgar Latin:
- *flecticāre
Ancient borrowings:
- → Old Irish: sléchtaim
Later borrowings:
- → Catalan: flectir, flectar
- → Italian: flettere
- → Portuguese: fletir, flectir
- → Sicilian: frèttiri, flèttiri

References edit

de Vaan, Michiel, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, vol. 7, of Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Alexander Lubotsky ed., Leiden: Brill, 2008.
Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “flĕctere”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volumes 3: D–F, page 618

^ Matasović, Ranko (2017) “Latin presents in -t- and the etymologies of necto ‘to weave, bind’ and flecto ‘to bend, curve’”, in Pallas‎^[1], number 103, Presses Universitaires du Midi, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved June 5, 2023, pages 37–43