gjalda
Faroese edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse gjalda, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”). Cognates include English yield, German gelten, Dutch gelden, Swedish gälla, Norwegian gjelde, Icelandic gjalda and Danish gælde.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
gjalda (third person singular past indicative galt, third person plural past indicative guldu, supine goldið)
- to pay
Usage notes edit
Not to be mixed with galda or gelda which are partially homophonic with this verb.
Conjugation edit
| Conjugation of gjalda (irregular) | ||
|---|---|---|
| infinitive | gjalda | |
| supine | goldið | |
| participle (a26)1 | gjaldandi | goldin |
| present | past | |
| first singular | gjaldi | galt |
| second singular | geldur | galt |
| third singular | geldur | galt |
| plural | gjalda | guldu |
| imperative | ||
| singular | gjald! | |
| plural | gjaldið! | |
| 1Only the past participle being declined. | ||
Icelandic edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse gjalda, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”). Cognates include English yield, German gelten, Dutch gelden, Swedish gälla, Norwegian gjelde, Faroese gjalda and Danish gælde.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
gjalda (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative galt, third-person plural past indicative guldu, supine goldið)
- to pay
Conjugation edit
gjalda — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að gjalda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
goldið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
gjaldandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég geld | við gjöldum | present (nútíð) |
ég gjaldi | við gjöldum |
| þú geldur | þið gjaldið | þú gjaldir | þið gjaldið | ||
| hann, hún, það geldur | þeir, þær, þau gjalda | hann, hún, það gjaldi | þeir, þær, þau gjaldi | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég galt | við guldum | past (þátíð) |
ég gyldi | við gyldum |
| þú galst | þið gulduð | þú gyldir | þið gylduð | ||
| hann, hún, það galt | þeir, þær, þau guldu | hann, hún, það gyldi | þeir, þær, þau gyldu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
gjald (þú) | gjaldið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| gjaltu | gjaldiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að gjaldast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
goldist | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
gjaldandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég gelst | við gjöldumst | present (nútíð) |
ég gjaldist | við gjöldumst |
| þú gelst | þið gjaldist | þú gjaldist | þið gjaldist | ||
| hann, hún, það gelst | þeir, þær, þau gjaldast | hann, hún, það gjaldist | þeir, þær, þau gjaldist | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég galst | við guldumst | past (þátíð) |
ég gyldist | við gyldumst |
| þú galst | þið guldust | þú gyldist | þið gyldust | ||
| hann, hún, það galst | þeir, þær, þau guldust | hann, hún, það gyldist | þeir, þær, þau gyldust | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
gjalst (þú) | gjaldist (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| gjalstu | gjaldisti * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
goldinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) |
goldinn | goldin | goldið | goldnir | goldnar | goldin | |
| accusative (þolfall) |
goldinn | goldna | goldið | goldna | goldnar | goldin | |
| dative (þágufall) |
goldnum | goldinni | goldnu | goldnum | goldnum | goldnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) |
goldins | goldinnar | goldins | goldinna | goldinna | goldinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) |
goldni | goldna | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) |
goldna | goldnu | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
| dative (þágufall) |
goldna | goldnu | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) |
goldna | goldnu | goldna | goldnu | goldnu | goldnu | |
Derived terms edit
Old Norse edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *geldaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Verb edit
gjalda (singular past indicative galt, plural past indicative guldu, past participle goldinn)
- (ditransitive) to repay, return
- gjalda gjǫf við gjǫf ― to pay back gift for gift
- (figurative) to give
- (with genitive) to pay for, suffer on account
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of gjalda — active (strong class 3)
| infinitive | gjalda | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | gjaldandi | |
| past participle | goldinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | geld | galt |
| 2nd-person singular | geldr | galzt |
| 3rd-person singular | geldr | galt |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldum | guldum |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldið | gulduð |
| 3rd-person plural | gjalda | guldu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gjalda | gilda |
| 2nd-person singular | gjaldir | gildir |
| 3rd-person singular | gjaldi | gildi |
| 1st-person plural | gjaldim | gildim |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldið | gildið |
| 3rd-person plural | gjaldi | gildi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | gjald | |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldum | |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldið | |
Conjugation of gjalda — mediopassive (strong class 3)
| infinitive | gjaldask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | gjaldandisk | |
| past participle | goldizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gjǫldumk | guldumk |
| 2nd-person singular | gelzk | galzk |
| 3rd-person singular | gelzk | galzk |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldumsk | guldumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldizk | gulduzk |
| 3rd-person plural | gjaldask | guldusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | gjǫldumk | gildumk |
| 2nd-person singular | gjaldisk | gildisk |
| 3rd-person singular | gjaldisk | gildisk |
| 1st-person plural | gjaldimsk | gildimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldizk | gildizk |
| 3rd-person plural | gjaldisk | gildisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | gjalzk | |
| 1st-person plural | gjǫldumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | gjaldizk | |
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
- Icelandic: gjalda
- Faroese: gjalda
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda; (dialectal) galda, gjedla, gjelja
- Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
- Old Swedish: giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla
- Old Danish: gialdæ
- Danish: gælde
References edit
- “gjalda”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press