grg

See also: GRG

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (noun): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼalkʼVw/ → /ˈkʼalkʼVw/ → /ˈkʼalkʼə/ → /ˈkʼalkʼ/

• (noun): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼalkʼVw/

  where V represents an unknown short vowel.

• (noun): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼalkʼVw/

  where V represents an unknown short vowel.

• (noun): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼalkʼə/
• (noun): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼalkʼ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛrɛɡ/
  • Conventional anglicization: gereg

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to set in order or prepare (the earth by working it)
2. (transitive) to set up, to found, to construct
   • 17th Dynasty, The Autobiography of Admiral Ahmose: Part I:

     ḫr m ḫt grg.n.j pr […]

     Then later, I set up the household […]

3. (transitive) to furnish, to equip

Inflection

Conjugation of grg (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: grg, geminated stem: grgg

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
grg	grgw, grg	grgt	grg	grg

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
grg	ḥr grg	m grg	r grg

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	grg.n	grgw, grg	consecutive	grg.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	grgt
perfective3	grg	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	grg.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	grg	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	grg	grgg	potentialis1	grg.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	grg	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	grg.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	grg	active + .tj1, .tw2	grg	grg, grgw5, grgy5
imperfective	grg, grgy, grgw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	grg, grgj6, grgy6	grg, grgw5
prospective	grg, grgtj7	—	grgtj4, grgt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of grg  

grg

Derived terms

• grg pr
• grgt

Noun

 m

1. lie, falsehood [since the end of the Old Kingdom]
   • c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 6, line 24:

     nj rḫ.n.tw mꜣꜥt r grg

     One cannot distinguish truth from falsehood.

2. unjust, unfair, or wrong way of thinking
3. injustice

Inflection

Declension of grg (masculine)

singular	grg
dual	grgwj
plural	grgw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of grg  

grg	gng	grg	grk	grg
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]
	rare

Synonyms

• (lie, falsehood): jzft

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “lie, falsehood”): mꜣꜥt

Descendants

• Demotic: glk
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ϭⲁⲗ (cal)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϭⲁⲗ (cal)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ϭⲁⲗ (cal)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲟⲗ (col)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 215.