hibernum

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /hiːˈber.num/, [hiːˈbɛrnʊ̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /iˈber.num/, [iˈbɛrnum]

Etymology 1

Ellipsis of hībernum tempus (“winter-time”). Came to replace hiems (“winter”) in the development from Latin to Romance.

Alternative forms

• hybernum (Medieval Latin)

Noun

hībernum n (genitive hībernī); second declension

1. winter

   Synonym: hiems

2. (in the plural) winter quarters

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	hībernum	hīberna
Genitive	hībernī	hībernōrum
Dative	hībernō	hībernīs
Accusative	hībernum	hīberna
Ablative	hībernō	hībernīs
Vocative	hībernum	hīberna

Related terms

• hībernus
• hībernāculum
• hībernālis
• hībernō

 

Descendants

• Balkan Romance:
  • Aromanian: earnã
  • Romanian: iarnă
• Italo-Romance:
  • Neapolitan: vierno
  • Sicilian: vernu, viernu
• North Italian:
  • Old Ligurian: iverno, uverno
  • Romansch: /iˈviə̯rn/
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: hivern
  • Old French: hyvier, yver, iver
    • Middle French: hyver
      • French: hiver
      • Norman: hivé
    • Walloon: ivier
  • Old Occitan: ivern
    • Occitan: ivèrn
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Aragonese: ibierno
  • Old Leonese: [Term?]
    • Asturian: iviernu
    • Leonese: hibiernu
    • Extremaduran: ivierno
    • Mirandese: ambierno
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: iverno
    • Galician: iverno
  • Old Spanish: yvierno
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian:
    • Campidanese: ierru
    • Logudorese: jerru, ierru
    • Nuorese: iberru, ivverru

Reflexes of an assumed variant *hīnbernum:

• Dalmatian:
  • inviarno
• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: inverno
  • Sassarese: inverru
  • Sicilian: mmernu, invernu, mmiernu, nvernu, nvèrnu
• North Italian:
  • Emilian: imvèran
  • Friulian: unviêr
  • Piedmontese: invern, amvern
  • Romansch: enviern, umviarn
  • Venetian: inverno
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Old Catalan: invern
  • Franco-Provençal: /œ̃vɛr/ (Pays-d'Enhaut), /invɛr/ (Valprato Soana)
  • Lorrain: invié, enviè
  • Old Occitan: invern
    • Vivaro-Alpine: umvèrn (Pietraporzio)
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: inverno
    • Fala: invernu, invelnu, envernu
    • Galician: inverno
    • Portuguese: inverno
  • Old Spanish: ynvierno
    • Spanish: invierno

References

• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “hībĕrnus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 4: G H I, page 421

Further reading

• hibernum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) in spring, summer, autumn, winter time: verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore
    
  • (ambiguous) winter-quarters, summer-quarters: castra hiberna, aestiva
    
  • (ambiguous) to take the troops to their winter-quarters: milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere
    

Etymology 2

Adjective

hībernum

1. inflection of hībernus:
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
   2. accusative masculine singular