Wiktionary

jw

See also: JW and jw3

Translingual edit

Symbol edit

jw

  1. (international standards, obsolete) Former ISO 639-1 language code for Javanese.
    Synonym: jv (current)

Egyptian edit

Pronunciation edit

Particle edit

iw

 proclitic

  1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) asserts the reality of a following statement with a verb in the perfect, perfect passive, or imperfective, or else with an adverbial or adjectival predicate, probably serving as a realis modal particle; see usage notes
  2. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) introduces an adverbial clause with a pronominal subject; see usage notes
  3. (chiefly Old Egyptian, rare, with a following bare noun phrase) there is, there are; introduces an independent existential clause
  4. (Late Egyptian) introduces a subordinate circumstantial clause
  5. (Late Egyptian) introduces a sentence in the third future

Usage notes edit

In Old and Middle Egyptian, this particle can stand at the beginning of adjectival, adverbial, and verbal sentences; it is followed by a nominal subject, a demonstrative pronoun, or an attached suffix pronoun. There is significant debate over what exactly it indicates in these stages of the language:

  • According to Allen, it indicates that the statement in the sentence is presented as true at the time of the statement, in contrast to false statements and statements which are always or generally true. It occurs at the start of independent clauses, but never those verbal clauses beginning with an imperative, bare stative, perfective, prospective, subjunctive, biliteral suffixed (contingent), or emphatic form. It also occurs at the start of subordinate adverbial clauses if their subject is pronominal, but never if it is nominal.
  • According to Loprieno, it is a ‘particle of initiality’ indicating that its sentence opens a new segment of discourse, with the semantic scope of an overt assertion of truth, and pragmatically relating the sentence to the speaker’s situation without necessarily implying direct involvement. However, in simple adverbial clauses with a pronominal subject, it can also serve as a semantically and syntactically neutral morpheme that only serves to carry an attached subject pronoun. In extremely rare cases, it can introduce the subject of an existential sentence consisting of just one element, an apparently archaic usage.
  • According to Hoch, it indicates that the statement is one that the speaker wishes to present as a fact, and it only occurs in main clauses.
  • It has frequently been characterized as an assertion particle, sometimes noting its apparent modal role marking realis statements.
  • In the so-called Standard Theory, its role was often considered purely syntactic, marking independent clauses; this view is no longer common. Some scholars working in the frame of the Standard Theory have suggested that bare (proclitic-less) sentences following one introduced by jw are main clauses that become hypotactically linked to the initial sentence in a chain of discourse, with the particle conveying the syntactic or pragmatic ‘theme’ of the whole and functioning as a nominal element.

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jw  
iW
i
iii
iiiw
iA
r
jw j jy jyw jꜣ r
[Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [Late Period] [Late Period]
before suffix pronouns before names before names

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

  • Coptic: ⲉ- (e-)
  • ⇒ Coptic: ⲉⲧⲉ- (ete-)
  • ⇒ Coptic: ⲣⲉϥ- (ref-)

Noun edit

N18
N23 Z1

 m

  1. island
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 39–41:
      aHaa
      n      		 A1r
      a      		 kwA1riw
      N23 Z1      		 i
      n      		 wAAwmwnM14wrr
      N36
      ꜥḥꜥ.n.j rḏj.kw r jw jn wꜣw n(j) wꜣḏ-wr
      Then I was put on an island by a wave of the sea.
  2. (in the plural) regions, lands (+ genitive: of (the earth, Egypt, etc.)) [Greco-Roman Period]

Usage notes edit

In late writings this word becomes confused with jꜣt (“mound, lands, regions”) and is often written identically. Furthermore, in late usage this word comes to be used and written chiefly in the plural form.

Inflection edit

Declension of jw (masculine)
singular jw
dual jwwj
plural jww

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jw  
N18
N18
Z1
iAN18
N18
W W		 N23
Z1		 Z3
r
W W		 N21
Z2ss
r
W W		 N21
Z1
r
W W		 Y1
Z2
iAW
H_SPACE		 N18
N18
N18
jw jw jꜣ jww rww rww rww jꜣww
[Late Period] [Late Period] [chiefly Greco-Roman Period] [Greco-Roman Period] [Greco-Roman Period] [Greco-Roman Period]
in the plural in the plural in the plural in the plural in the plural

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Noun edit

E9wnDs

 m

  1. wrongdoing, misconduct, evil [since the Middle Kingdom]
    E9wnDsnTr
     ― jw nṯr ― sin against a god
    E9wnDs
    Z2    		 nnTr
     ― jw n nṯr ― sin against a god
  2. wrongness, injustice, error
  3. misfortune; wrong or evil suffered

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jw  
E9wnDs
Z2
E9nDs
Aw
W		 Y1
Z2
AwwY1V
Aw
W		 nDs
jw jw ꜣw ꜣw ꜣw
[18th Dynasty] [Late Egyptian] [Late Egyptian] [Late Period]

Derived terms edit

Noun edit

E9wE14

 m

  1. dog [Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom]
    Synonyms: jwjw, ṯzm

Inflection edit

Declension of jw (masculine)
singular jw
dual jwwj
plural jww

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jw  
E9
W		 F27
jw
[New Kingdom]
in hieratic

Derived terms edit

Verb edit

E9wT30

 2-lit.

  1. (transitive) to sever, to cut off (something) (+ r: from (something else)) [since the Middle Kingdom]
  2. (transitive) to sever, to cut through (something)

Inflection edit

Conjugation of jw (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: jw, geminated stem: jww
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
jw
 jww, jw
 jwt
 jw, j.jw
 jw, j.jw
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
jw
 ḥr jw
 m jw
 r jw
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect jw.n
 jww, jw
 consecutive jw.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative jwt
perfective3 jw
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 jw.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective jw, j.jw1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 jw
 jww
 potentialis1 jw.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive jw, j.jw1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect jw.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective jw
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 jw
 jww, jwwj6, jw2, jww2 5, jwy2 5
imperfective j.jw1, jw, jwy, jww5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 j.jw1, j.jww1 5, jw, jwj6, jwy6
 jw, jww5
prospective jw, jwtj7
 — jwtj4, jwt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jw  
E9wZ9
E9
W		 T30
D40
jw jw
[Middle Kingdom] [Late Period]
in hieratic

Adjective edit

E9wP1
  1. perfective passive participle of jwj (“to leave boatless, to strand”): boatless

Usage notes edit

This participle is practically always used nominally to mean ‘boatless person’, ‘stranded person’, ‘the boatless’.

Inflection edit

Declension of jw (perfective passive participle)
masculine feminine
singular jw, jwy
 jwt, jwyt
dual jwwj, jwywj
 jwtj, jwytj
plural jww, jwyw
 jwwt1, jwt2, jwywt1, jwyt2
  1. Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
  2. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
    In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Verb edit

E9wA2

 2-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to wail, to lament (+ n: for, over (someone)) [since the Coffin Texts]
  2. (intransitive, with ḥr) to compain about (someone)

Inflection edit

Conjugation of jw (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: jw, geminated stem: jww
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
jw
 jww, jw
 jwt
 jw, j.jw
 jw, j.jw
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
jw
 ḥr jw
 m jw
 r jw
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect jw.n
 consecutive jw.jn
terminative jwt
perfective3 jw
 obligative1 jw.ḫr
imperfective jw, j.jw1
prospective3 jw
 potentialis1 jw.kꜣ
subjunctive jw, j.jw1
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect jw.n
 — —
perfective jw
 jw
 jww, jwwj6, jw2, jww2 5, jwy2 5
imperfective j.jw1, jw, jwy, jww5
 j.jw1, j.jww1 5, jw, jwj6, jwy6
 jw, jww5
prospective jw, jwtj7
 jwtj4, jwt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jw  
E9
W		 mw
 
jw
[Greco-Roman Period]

Noun edit

iw

 m

  1. (hapax) hunchback [Middle Kingdom]

References edit

  • “jw (lemma ID 21881)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw (lemma ID 21940)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw (lemma ID 21990)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw (lemma ID 21970)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[4], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw (lemma ID 21960)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[5], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw.w (lemma ID 400636)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[6], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw (lemma ID 22000)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[7], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “jw (lemma ID 21900)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎[8], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎[9], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 5, 42.12–43.11, 47.4–47.11, 47.13, 48.1–48.3, 48.5–48.10, 48.17–48.19
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎[10], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 408.4–408.10
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 11–12
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 114, 132, 193, 210, 317.
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 11–12, 146
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 162–168
  • Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 110, 122
  • Uljas, Sami (2007) The Modal System of Earlier Egyptian Complement Clauses: A Study in Pragmatics in a Dead Language, page 23–24
  • Oréal, Elsa (2022) “The negative existential cycle in Ancient Egyptian” in Ljuba Veselinova & Arja Hamari (eds.), The Negative Existential Cycle, Berlin: Language Science Press, pages 197–230
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=jw&oldid=76368862"