kapur
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
From Malay kapur, from Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), and Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). Doublet of kamper.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kapur (first-person possessive kapurku, second-person possessive kapurmu, third-person possessive kapurnya)
- lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “kapur” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Malay edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.
Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”).
Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kapur (Jawi spelling کاڤور, informal 1st possessive kapurku, 2nd possessive kapurmu, 3rd possessive kapurnya)
- lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)
Derived terms edit
Regular affixed derivations:
- pekapuran [passive / name of profession + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (pe- + -an)
- mengapur [agent focus] (meN-)
- mengapuri [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
- dikapuri [patient focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (di- + -i)
- berkapur [stative / habitual] (beR-)
Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:
Descendants edit
- Indonesian: kapur
- → Medieval Latin: camphora
- → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
- Catalan: càmfora
- → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
- → Finnish: kamferi
- Italian: canfora
- Old French: camphore, camphre
- → Old Polish: kampor
- Portuguese: cânfora
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
- → Slovene: kamfor
- → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫 (kʾp̄wl /kāpūr/)
- → Arabic: كَافُور (kāfūr), قَافُور (qāfūr), قَفُّور (qaffūr)
- → Aramaic:
- → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur), կափուր (kapʻur)
- Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur)
- → Sanskrit: कर्पूर (karpūra)
- → Pali: kappūra
- → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ (kpʾwr /kapūr/)
- → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
- → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)
References edit
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
- Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b
Further reading edit
- “kapur” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.