kuka
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *ku, from Proto-Uralic *ku- ~ *ko-. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with joka and mikä). Cognate with Estonian kumb (“which”), Erzya кона (kona, “which”), кода (koda, “how”), Hungarian hol (“where”), Forest Enets [script needed] (hōke, “which one”), Nganasan [script needed] (kuninu, “where”), and Kamassian [script needed] (kāmǝ̑n, “if”).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
kuka
- (interrogative) who
- Kuka on ovella?
- Who is at the door?
- (relative) who (as an 'independent' relative pronoun; see the usage notes)
- En tiedä kuka sen teki.
- I don't know who did it.
- (relative, dialectal) who
Usage notes edit
- The singular forms are sometimes used colloquially instead of the actual plural forms. ketä is particularly common for keitä. In some dialects, ketä is used as the nominative singular form in place of kuka.
- kuka is only used as an 'independent' relative pronoun in standard Finnish. It is used for persons, while mikä is used otherwise. See the usage notes of mikä for more on this usage (#4). Outside of this usage, kuka is used as a relative pronoun only in dialects, and joka or mikä is used instead.
- kuka may behave as an indefinite pronoun with an additional word like ikinä, hyvänsä, tahansa (after kuka), or vaikka (before kuka). Some relative uses may also be indefinite:
- Oli kuka oli. (dismissive nuance)
- Whoever it was.
- (literally, “[It] was who [it] was.”)
Inflection edit
- In the inflection table below, poetic and/or archaic forms are shown in brackets and modern usage without brackets. In modern Finnish, forms based on the stem form ke- or kene- are the usual inflected forms of the interrogative personal pronoun. Inflected forms based on the stem ku- are now archaic and somewhat poetic, even though the nominative singular kuka is modern. Conversely, the alternative nominative form ken is now archaic or poetic.
- The illative, adessive, ablative and allative singular cases have alternative forms of equal value; both forms are commonly used. Thus, keneen ~ kehen, kenellä ~ kellä, kenelle ~ kelle and keneltä ~ keltä exist in free variation.
- Like personal pronouns, a special accusative form exists: kenet (compare minut, sinut, etc.).
- Some cases of kuka/ken are hardly used at all. The inflection table below shows the archaic or otherwise rarely used forms in brackets.
- The instructive plural kuin(ka)*, the instructive singular kun* and the causative singular kuten* (with the dated, archaic form kutenka*) are used as adverbs with completely different meanings from “who”.
Declension of kuka
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Synonyms edit
- ken (see the inflection section above)
Related terms edit
See also edit
Further reading edit
- “kuka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (online dictionary, continuously updated, in Finnish), Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams edit
Hawaiian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kuka
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Uncertain; perhaps an Italian loan word, compare Northern Italian cuco (“goofy”).
Adjective edit
kuka
- dumb (as a fish), tongue-tied (not saying a word)
Derived terms edit
- Kuka (Dopey, one of the Seven Dwarfs)
Etymology 2 edit
Via Czech, from German KUKA, short for Keller und Knappich Augsburg, a German firm which manufactured and supplied orange refuse collection vehicles. Today the company KUKA produces industrial robots and automation technologies.
Noun edit
kuka (plural kukák)
- garbage can, trash can, refuse bin (especially an outdoor container)
- Coordinate terms: szemetes, szemetesvödör, szemétkosár, szemetesláda, szemétláda
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kuka | kukák |
accusative | kukát | kukákat |
dative | kukának | kukáknak |
instrumental | kukával | kukákkal |
causal-final | kukáért | kukákért |
translative | kukává | kukákká |
terminative | kukáig | kukákig |
essive-formal | kukaként | kukákként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | kukában | kukákban |
superessive | kukán | kukákon |
adessive | kukánál | kukáknál |
illative | kukába | kukákba |
sublative | kukára | kukákra |
allative | kukához | kukákhoz |
elative | kukából | kukákból |
delative | kukáról | kukákról |
ablative | kukától | kukáktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
kukáé | kukáké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
kukáéi | kukákéi |
Possessive forms of kuka | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | kukám | kukáim |
2nd person sing. | kukád | kukáid |
3rd person sing. | kukája | kukái |
1st person plural | kukánk | kukáink |
2nd person plural | kukátok | kukáitok |
3rd person plural | kukájuk | kukáik |
Further reading edit
- (dumb): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (garbage can): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (wooden hook used for drying tobacco): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ingrian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *kuka, from Proto-Uralic *ku-. Cognates with Finnish kuka (“who”).
The inflected forms derive from Proto-Finnic *ku.
Pronunciation edit
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkukɑ/, [ˈkukɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkukɑ/, [ˈkuɡ̊ɑ]
- Rhymes: -ukɑ
- Hyphenation: ku‧ka
Pronoun edit
kuka
- which? (of many)
Declension edit
Declension of kuka | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kuka | kut |
genitive | kunen | |
partitive | kuta | |
illative | kuhu | |
inessive | kus | |
elative | kust | |
allative | kulle | |
adessive | kul | |
ablative | kult | |
translative | kuks | |
essive | kunenna | |
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) |
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 212
Pitjantjatjara edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kuka
Derived terms edit
- kukaku ananyi (“to hunt”)
- kukaputju (“hunter”)
- kukanypa (“marked man, target”)
Polish edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
kuka
Quechua edit
Noun edit
kuka
Declension edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | kuka | kukakuna |
accusative | kukata | kukakunata |
dative | kukaman | kukakunaman |
genitive | kukap | kukakunap |
locative | kukapi | kukakunapi |
terminative | kukakama | kukakunakama |
ablative | kukamanta | kukakunamanta |
instrumental | kukawan | kukakunawan |
comitative | kukantin | kukakunantin |
abessive | kukannaq | kukakunannaq |
comparative | kukahina | kukakunahina |
causative | kukarayku | kukakunarayku |
benefactive | kukapaq | kukakunapaq |
associative | kukapura | kukakunapura |
distributive | kukanka | kukakunanka |
exclusive | kukalla | kukakunalla |
ñuqap (my) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukay | kukaykuna |
accusative | kukayta | kukaykunata |
dative | kukayman | kukaykunaman |
genitive | kukaypa | kukaykunap |
locative | kukaypi | kukaykunapi |
terminative | kukaykama | kukaykunakama |
ablative | kukaymanta | kukaykunamanta |
instrumental | kukaywan | kukaykunawan |
comitative | kukaynintin | kukaykunantin |
abessive | kukayninnaq | kukaykunannaq |
comparative | kukayhina | kukaykunahina |
causative | kukayrayku | kukaykunarayku |
benefactive | kukaypaq | kukaykunapaq |
associative | kukaypura | kukaykunapura |
distributive | kukayninka | kukaykunanka |
exclusive | kukaylla | kukaykunalla |
qampa (your) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukayki | kukaykikuna |
accusative | kukaykita | kukaykikunata |
dative | kukaykiman | kukaykikunaman |
genitive | kukaykipa | kukaykikunap |
locative | kukaykipi | kukaykikunapi |
terminative | kukaykikama | kukaykikunakama |
ablative | kukaykimanta | kukaykikunamanta |
instrumental | kukaykiwan | kukaykikunawan |
comitative | kukaykintin | kukaykikunantin |
abessive | kukaykinnaq | kukaykikunannaq |
comparative | kukaykihina | kukaykikunahina |
causative | kukaykirayku | kukaykikunarayku |
benefactive | kukaykipaq | kukaykikunapaq |
associative | kukaykipura | kukaykikunapura |
distributive | kukaykinka | kukaykikunanka |
exclusive | kukaykilla | kukaykikunalla |
paypa (his/her/its) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukan | kukankuna |
accusative | kukanta | kukankunata |
dative | kukanman | kukankunaman |
genitive | kukanpa | kukankunap |
locative | kukanpi | kukankunapi |
terminative | kukankama | kukankunakama |
ablative | kukanmanta | kukankunamanta |
instrumental | kukanwan | kukankunawan |
comitative | kukanintin | kukankunantin |
abessive | kukanninnaq | kukankunannaq |
comparative | kukanhina | kukankunahina |
causative | kukanrayku | kukankunarayku |
benefactive | kukanpaq | kukankunapaq |
associative | kukanpura | kukankunapura |
distributive | kukaninka | kukankunanka |
exclusive | kukanlla | kukankunalla |
ñuqanchikpa (our(incl)) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukanchik | kukanchikkuna |
accusative | kukanchikta | kukanchikkunata |
dative | kukanchikman | kukanchikkunaman |
genitive | kukanchikpa | kukanchikkunap |
locative | kukanchikpi | kukanchikkunapi |
terminative | kukanchikkama | kukanchikkunakama |
ablative | kukanchikmanta | kukanchikkunamanta |
instrumental | kukanchikwan | kukanchikkunawan |
comitative | kukanchiknintin | kukanchikkunantin |
abessive | kukanchikninnaq | kukanchikkunannaq |
comparative | kukanchikhina | kukanchikkunahina |
causative | kukanchikrayku | kukanchikkunarayku |
benefactive | kukanchikpaq | kukanchikkunapaq |
associative | kukanchikpura | kukanchikkunapura |
distributive | kukanchikninka | kukanchikkunanka |
exclusive | kukanchiklla | kukanchikkunalla |
ñuqaykup (our(excl)) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukayku | kukaykukuna |
accusative | kukaykuta | kukaykukunata |
dative | kukaykuman | kukaykukunaman |
genitive | kukaykupa | kukaykukunap |
locative | kukaykupi | kukaykukunapi |
terminative | kukaykukama | kukaykukunakama |
ablative | kukaykumanta | kukaykukunamanta |
instrumental | kukaykuwan | kukaykukunawan |
comitative | kukaykuntin | kukaykukunantin |
abessive | kukaykunnaq | kukaykukunannaq |
comparative | kukaykuhina | kukaykukunahina |
causative | kukaykurayku | kukaykukunarayku |
benefactive | kukaykupaq | kukaykukunapaq |
associative | kukaykupura | kukaykukunapura |
distributive | kukaykunka | kukaykukunanka |
exclusive | kukaykulla | kukaykukunalla |
qamkunap (your(pl)) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukaykichik | kukaykichikkuna |
accusative | kukaykichikta | kukaykichikkunata |
dative | kukaykichikman | kukaykichikkunaman |
genitive | kukaykichikpa | kukaykichikkunap |
locative | kukaykichikpi | kukaykichikkunapi |
terminative | kukaykichikkama | kukaykichikkunakama |
ablative | kukaykichikmanta | kukaykichikkunamanta |
instrumental | kukaykichikwan | kukaykichikkunawan |
comitative | kukaykichiknintin | kukaykichikkunantin |
abessive | kukaykichikninnaq | kukaykichikkunannaq |
comparative | kukaykichikhina | kukaykichikkunahina |
causative | kukaykichikrayku | kukaykichikkunarayku |
benefactive | kukaykichikpaq | kukaykichikkunapaq |
associative | kukaykichikpura | kukaykichikkunapura |
distributive | kukaykichikninka | kukaykichikkunanka |
exclusive | kukaykichiklla | kukaykichikkunalla |
paykunap (their) | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | kukanku | kukankukuna |
accusative | kukankuta | kukankukunata |
dative | kukankuman | kukankukunaman |
genitive | kukankupa | kukankukunap |
locative | kukankupi | kukankukunapi |
terminative | kukankukama | kukankukunakama |
ablative | kukankumanta | kukankukunamanta |
instrumental | kukankuwan | kukankukunawan |
comitative | kukankuntin | kukankukunantin |
abessive | kukankunnaq | kukankukunannaq |
comparative | kukankuhina | kukankukunahina |
causative | kukankurayku | kukankukunarayku |
benefactive | kukankupaq | kukankukunapaq |
associative | kukankupura | kukankukunapura |
distributive | kukankunka | kukankukunanka |
exclusive | kukankulla | kukankukunalla |
Serbo-Croatian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuka (“hook, hook-shaped”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kȕka f (Cyrillic spelling ку̏ка)
Declension edit
Noun edit
kuka (Cyrillic spelling кука)
References edit
- “kuka” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Swedish edit
Verb edit
kuka (present kukar, preterite kukade, supine kukat, imperative kuka)
- Only used in kuka ur
Tok Pisin edit
Noun edit
kuka
Tokelauan edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
kuka
Verb edit
kuka
- (transitive) to cook
Derived terms edit
References edit
- R. Simona, editor (1986) Tokelau Dictionary[2], Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 168
Yosondúa Mixtec edit
Etymology edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun edit
kuka
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Beaty de Farris, Kathryn; et al. (2012) Diccionario básico del mixteco de Yosondúa, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 46)[3] (in Spanish), third edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 40