lind
English edit
Etymology edit
From Middle English lind, linde, from Old English lind, from Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Cognate with Dutch linde, German Linde, Swedish lind. Cognate to Albanian lëndë (“wood, timber, material”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lind (plural linds)
Albanian edit
Etymology edit
Whatever the origin, it undisputedly a parallel formation to lej (“to give birth; to be born”).[1][2][3] Likely from Proto-Indo-European *li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti, a nasal-infixed present from the root *leyd- (“to release”).[1][2] Alternatively from the root *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”),[3] though the formal composition is unclear.
Verb edit
lind (aorist linda, participle lindur)
- (intransitive) to be born
- (transitive) to give birth, bear (child)
- Synonym: lej
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “lej”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 217
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “lei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 402–403
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Demiraj, B. (1997) “lind”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi
Danish edit
Pronunciation edit
- Rhymes: -end
Etymology 1 edit
Adjective edit
lind
Inflection edit
Inflection of lind | |||
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
Indefinte common singular | lind | — | —2 |
Indefinite neuter singular | lindt | — | —2 |
Plural | linde | — | —2 |
Definite attributive1 | linde | — | — |
1) When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. 2) The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively. |
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
lind c (singular definite linden, plural indefinite linde)
Inflection edit
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *lintu, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *lunta or *linta, compare with Finnish lintu, Ter Sami lonnˈt, Northern Mansi лунт (lunt) and Hungarian lúd.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lind (genitive linnu, partitive lindu)
Declension edit
Declension of lind (ÕS type 22e/riik, d-n gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | lind | linnud | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | linnu | ||
genitive | lindude | ||
partitive | lindu | linde lindusid | |
illative | lindu linnusse |
lindudesse linnesse | |
inessive | linnus | lindudes linnes | |
elative | linnust | lindudest linnest | |
allative | linnule | lindudele linnele | |
adessive | linnul | lindudel linnel | |
ablative | linnult | lindudelt linnelt | |
translative | linnuks | lindudeks linneks | |
terminative | linnuni | lindudeni | |
essive | linnuna | lindudena | |
abessive | linnuta | lindudeta | |
comitative | linnuga | lindudega |
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
German edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German linde, from Old High German lind, lindi, from Proto-West Germanic *linþ(ī), from Proto-Germanic *linþaz. Compare English lithe.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
lind (strong nominative masculine singular linder, comparative linder, superlative am lindesten or am lindsten)
Declension edit
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist lind | sie ist lind | es ist lind | sie sind lind | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | linder | linde | lindes | linde |
genitive | linden | linder | linden | linder | |
dative | lindem | linder | lindem | linden | |
accusative | linden | linde | lindes | linde | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der linde | die linde | das linde | die linden |
genitive | des linden | der linden | des linden | der linden | |
dative | dem linden | der linden | dem linden | den linden | |
accusative | den linden | die linde | das linde | die linden | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein linder | eine linde | ein lindes | (keine) linden |
genitive | eines linden | einer linden | eines linden | (keiner) linden | |
dative | einem linden | einer linden | einem linden | (keinen) linden | |
accusative | einen linden | eine linde | ein lindes | (keine) linden |
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist linder | sie ist linder | es ist linder | sie sind linder | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | linderer | lindere | linderes | lindere |
genitive | linderen | linderer | linderen | linderer | |
dative | linderem | linderer | linderem | linderen | |
accusative | linderen | lindere | linderes | lindere | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der lindere | die lindere | das lindere | die linderen |
genitive | des linderen | der linderen | des linderen | der linderen | |
dative | dem linderen | der linderen | dem linderen | den linderen | |
accusative | den linderen | die lindere | das lindere | die linderen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein linderer | eine lindere | ein linderes | (keine) linderen |
genitive | eines linderen | einer linderen | eines linderen | (keiner) linderen | |
dative | einem linderen | einer linderen | einem linderen | (keinen) linderen | |
accusative | einen linderen | eine lindere | ein linderes | (keine) linderen |
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
Icelandic edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Probably related to sense 2 (“linden tree”)
Noun edit
lind f (genitive singular lindar, nominative plural lindir)
- spring (place where water emerges from the ground)
Declension edit
Synonyms edit
- (spring): uppspretta, brunnur, vatnsrás
Derived terms edit
- auðlind (“natural resource”)
- gróðalind (“profit source”)
- olíulind (“oil source”)
- orkulind (“power source”)
- tekjulind (“source of income”)
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Noun edit
lind f (genitive singular lindar, nominative plural lindir)
Declension edit
Synonyms edit
- (linden): linditré
References edit
- The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. (1934). United States: Journal Publishing Company, p. 93
Livonian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Finnic *lintu.
Noun edit
lind
Etymology 2 edit
Likely from Proto-Finnic *lentädäk. i may be by analogy to "bird".
Alternative forms edit
- lindõ (Courland)
Verb edit
lind
- (Salaca) to fly
Ludian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *lintu.
Noun edit
lind
Middle English edit
Noun edit
lind (plural lyndes)
- Alternative form of lynde.
References edit
- “lind(e,, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2 May 2018.
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Noun edit
lind f or m (definite singular linda or linden, indefinite plural linder, definite plural lindene)
References edit
- “lind” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Noun edit
lind f (definite singular linda, indefinite plural linder, definite plural lindene)
References edit
- “lind” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old English edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lind f (nominative plural linde)
- lime, linden
- (poetic) shield (made from linden wood)
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Old Irish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Celtic *lindos, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). The two differently-inflecting nouns are closely related, but their morphologies are mysterious.[1]
Noun edit
lind f (genitive linde)
- a body of water: pool, lake
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 102a2
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 102a2
Inflection edit
Feminine ī-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | lindL | lindL | lindiH, lindi |
Vocative | lindL | lindL | lindiH, lindi |
Accusative | lindN, lindi | lindL | lindiH, lindi |
Genitive | lindeH | lindeL | lindeN |
Dative | lindL, lindi | lindib | lindib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Noun edit
lind n (genitive lenda)
- drink
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 7d9
- […] hi sunt tra ↄricc frissa lind serb in chúrsactha, lase fo·ruillecta beóil in chalich di mil cosse anall […]
- […] Herein, then, he comes into contact with the bitter drink of the reproval, when the lips of the chalice have hitherto been smeared with honey […]
- c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 6, pages 115-179:
- […] céne con·n-oither mo thimnasa insin purt-sa, nícon·ibthar lind dermait dé and.
- […] as long as my rules are upheld in this place, liquor that leads to us forgetting about God are not to be drunk.
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 73a8
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 7d9
- liquid
- c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 88, pages 115-179:
- Acht is mí-chumne spiride fri télach neich din imarcraid lenda bís isind churp.
- But it is an evil recollection of the spirit, accompanying a discharge of some of the excess liquid that is usually in the body.
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 129d13-14
- ibthecha .i. it mathi inna ganema oc oul ind lenda.
- absorbent, i.e. the sands are good at absorbing the liquid.
Inflection edit
Neuter u-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | lindN | lindL | lindL, lenda |
Vocative | lindN | lindL | lind |
Accusative | lindN | lindL | lind |
Genitive | lendoH, lendaH | lendoN, lendaN | lendN |
Dative | lindL | lendaib | lendaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Mutation edit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
lind also llind after a proclitic |
lind pronounced with /l(ʲ)-/ |
unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References edit
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*lindu-, *lindo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 239-240
Further reading edit
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 linn”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 linn”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old Norse edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Noun edit
lind f
Declension edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- “lind”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Plautdietsch edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Low German lind, probably borrowed from Middle High German lint, from Old High German lind, from Proto-West Germanic *linþ(ī).
Adjective edit
lind
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Swedish lind, from Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lind c
- linden tree
Declension edit
Declension of lind | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | lind | linden | lindar | lindarna |
Genitive | linds | lindens | lindars | lindarnas |
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- lind in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker
- lind in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
Veps edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *lintu.
Noun edit
lind
Inflection edit
Inflection of lind (inflection type 1/ilo) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | lind | ||
genitive sing. | lindun | ||
partitive sing. | lindud | ||
partitive plur. | linduid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | lind | lindud | |
accusative | lindun | lindud | |
genitive | lindun | linduiden | |
partitive | lindud | linduid | |
essive-instructive | lindun | linduin | |
translative | linduks | linduikš | |
inessive | lindus | linduiš | |
elative | linduspäi | linduišpäi | |
illative | linduhu | linduihe | |
adessive | lindul | linduil | |
ablative | lindulpäi | linduilpäi | |
allative | lindule | linduile | |
abessive | linduta | linduita | |
comitative | lindunke | linduidenke | |
prolative | lindudme | linduidme | |
approximative I | lindunno | linduidenno | |
approximative II | lindunnoks | linduidennoks | |
egressive | lindunnopäi | linduidennopäi | |
terminative I | linduhusai | linduihesai | |
terminative II | lindulesai | linduilesai | |
terminative III | lindussai | — | |
additive I | linduhupäi | linduihepäi | |
additive II | lindulepäi | linduilepäi |