Egyptian
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Etymology
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Suggested to be connected with kꜣj (“to plan, to think”), but this remains questionable.
Pronunciation
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4-lit.
- (intransitive) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 28–30:
- mꜣ.sn pt mꜣ.sn tꜣ mꜥkꜣ jb.sn r mꜣ(j)w
- (Whether) they saw sky or they saw land, their minds were more observant than lions.
- to be(come) observant or attentive
- to be(come) brave
Inflection
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Conjugation of mꜥkꜣ (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: mꜥkꜣ
infinitival forms
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imperative
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infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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mꜥkꜣ
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mꜥkꜣw, mꜥkꜣ
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mꜥkꜣt
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mꜥkꜣ
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mꜥkꜣ
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‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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mꜥkꜣ
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ḥr mꜥkꜣ
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m mꜥkꜣ
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r mꜥkꜣ
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suffix conjugation
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aspect / mood
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active
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contingent
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aspect / mood
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active
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perfect
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mꜥkꜣ.n
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consecutive
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mꜥkꜣ.jn
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terminative
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mꜥkꜣt
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perfective3
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mꜥkꜣ
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obligative1
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mꜥkꜣ.ḫr
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imperfective
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mꜥkꜣ
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prospective3
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mꜥkꜣw, mꜥkꜣ
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potentialis1
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mꜥkꜣ.kꜣ
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subjunctive
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mꜥkꜣ
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verbal adjectives
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aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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active
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active
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passive
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perfect
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mꜥkꜣ.n
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—
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—
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perfective
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mꜥkꜣ
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mꜥkꜣ
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mꜥkꜣ, mꜥkꜣw5, mꜥkꜣy5
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imperfective
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mꜥkꜣ, mꜥkꜣy, mꜥkꜣw5
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mꜥkꜣ, mꜥkꜣj6, mꜥkꜣy6
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mꜥkꜣ, mꜥkꜣw5
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prospective
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mꜥkꜣ, mꜥkꜣtj7
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mꜥkꜣwtj1 4, mꜥkꜣtj4, mꜥkꜣt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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References
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- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 84.
- Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 16
- Graefe, Erhart (2013) “mkꜣ „aufmerksam sein“, „erkennen“ und der ramessidische Gebetsanruf mkꜣ.tw ḫft sḏm.tw” in Decorum and Experience: Essays in Ancient Culture for John Baines, Oxford, pages 43–46.