See also: rugió

Latin edit

Etymology edit

Per De Vaan, related to Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, roar), ὀρῠμαγδός (orumagdós, noise), ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ, noise, roaring), and possibly related to rū̆dō ((of lions) to roar; (of donkeys) to bray). Despite the phonetic similarity to ērūgō (belch), De Vaan thinks cognacy is unlikely, viewing the semantics as a poor match (although Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai) also has the meaning "belch", which De Vaan considers a homophone).[1] Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (to roar).

Pronunciation edit

  • (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈruː.ɡi.oː/, [ˈruːɡioː] or IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡi.oː/, [ˈrʊɡioː]
  • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈru.d͡ʒi.o/, [ˈruːd͡ʒio]
  • The u in the first syllable is marked short by Lewis and Short as well as Gaffiot, but long by De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002).[2] Buchi and Schweickard say that although the Romance outcomes require the reconstruction of Proto-Romance */u/ (as if from long ū), the quantity of the vowel in written Latin is uncertain.[3]

Verb edit

rū̆giō (present infinitive rū̆gīre, perfect active rū̆gīvī or rū̆giī); fourth conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

  1. (intransitive) to roar, bellow; rumble
    • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ieremias.2.15:
      super eum rugierunt leones et dederunt vocem suam posuerunt terram eius in solitudinem civitates eius exustae sunt et non est qui habitet in eis
      The young lions have roared on him, and yelled; and they have made his land waste: his cities are burned up, without inhabitant.
  2. (intransitive) to bray

Conjugation edit

   Conjugation of rū̆giō (fourth conjugation, no supine stem, active only)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆giō rū̆gīs rū̆git rū̆gīmus rū̆gītis rū̆giunt
imperfect rū̆giēbam rū̆giēbās rū̆giēbat rū̆giēbāmus rū̆giēbātis rū̆giēbant
future rū̆giam rū̆giēs rū̆giet rū̆giēmus rū̆giētis rū̆gient
perfect rū̆gīvī,
rū̆giī
rū̆gīvistī,
rū̆giistī
rū̆gīvit,
rū̆giit
rū̆gīvimus,
rū̆giimus
rū̆gīvistis,
rū̆giistis
rū̆gīvērunt,
rū̆gīvēre,
rū̆giērunt,
rū̆giēre
pluperfect rū̆gīveram,
rū̆gieram
rū̆gīverās,
rū̆gierās
rū̆gīverat,
rū̆gierat
rū̆gīverāmus,
rū̆gierāmus
rū̆gīverātis,
rū̆gierātis
rū̆gīverant,
rū̆gierant
future perfect rū̆gīverō,
rū̆gierō
rū̆gīveris,
rū̆gieris
rū̆gīverit,
rū̆gierit
rū̆gīverimus,
rū̆gierimus
rū̆gīveritis,
rū̆gieritis
rū̆gīverint,
rū̆gierint
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆giam rū̆giās rū̆giat rū̆giāmus rū̆giātis rū̆giant
imperfect rū̆gīrem rū̆gīrēs rū̆gīret rū̆gīrēmus rū̆gīrētis rū̆gīrent
perfect rū̆gīverim,
rū̆gierim
rū̆gīverīs,
rū̆gierīs
rū̆gīverit,
rū̆gierit
rū̆gīverīmus,
rū̆gierīmus
rū̆gīverītis,
rū̆gierītis
rū̆gīverint,
rū̆gierint
pluperfect rū̆gīvissem,
rū̆giissem
rū̆gīvissēs,
rū̆giissēs
rū̆gīvisset,
rū̆giisset
rū̆gīvissēmus,
rū̆giissēmus
rū̆gīvissētis,
rū̆giissētis
rū̆gīvissent,
rū̆giissent
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆gī rū̆gīte
future rū̆gītō rū̆gītō rū̆gītōte rū̆giuntō
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives rū̆gīre rū̆gīvisse,
rū̆giisse
participles rū̆giēns
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
rū̆giendī rū̆giendō rū̆giendum rū̆giendō

Synonyms edit

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-rūgiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 528-529
  2. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “rūgīre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 10: R, page 546
  3. 3.0 3.1 Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–), “*/ˈruɡ-i-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 18 May 2023: “Si la reconstruction comparative exige clairement */ˈu/, la quantité du <u> en latin écrit est mal assurée (cf. Ernout/Meillet4).”.

Further reading edit

  • rŭgĭo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • rŭgĭŏ in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette