Egyptian
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Etymology
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s- (causative prefix) + jꜥr (“to ascend”).
Pronunciation
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caus. 2-lit.
- (transitive) to make ascend, to raise up
Inflection
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Conjugation of sꜥr (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sꜥr
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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sꜥrt, sꜥr
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sꜥrw, sꜥr
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sꜥrt
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sꜥr
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sꜥr
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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sꜥr
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ḥr sꜥr
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m sꜥr
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r sꜥr
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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sꜥr.n
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sꜥrw, sꜥr
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consecutive
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sꜥr.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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sꜥrt
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| perfective3
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sꜥr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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sꜥr.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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sꜥr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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sꜥrw, sꜥr, sꜥry
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sꜥrw, sꜥr, sꜥry
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potentialis1
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sꜥr.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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sꜥr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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sꜥr.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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sꜥr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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sꜥr
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sꜥr, sꜥrw5, sꜥry5
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| imperfective
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sꜥr, sꜥry, sꜥrw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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sꜥr, sꜥrj6, sꜥry6
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sꜥr, sꜥrw5
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| prospective
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sꜥr, sꜥrtj7
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—
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sꜥrwtj1 4, sꜥrtj4, sꜥrt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sꜥr
References
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- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 32.9–33.17, 48
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 174.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 125
