straff
German edit
Etymology edit
From late Middle High German straf, further origin uncertain. However, a semantic connection Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”) has been proposed.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
straff (strong nominative masculine singular straffer, comparative straffer, superlative am straffsten)
- (also figurative) tight, firm, of an object that could also be slack
- ein straffes Programm ― a tight schedule
- c. 1914, Franz Kafka, Der Prozess [The Trial], Berlin: Die Schmiede, published 1925:
- Er wandte ihm sein Gesicht zu, dessen viele straffe Falten nicht Alter, sondern Kraft zu beweisen schienen, und fing sofort wieder zu suchen an.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Declension edit
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
| predicative | er ist straff | sie ist straff | es ist straff | sie sind straff | |
| strong declension (without article) |
nominative | straffer | straffe | straffes | straffe |
| genitive | straffen | straffer | straffen | straffer | |
| dative | straffem | straffer | straffem | straffen | |
| accusative | straffen | straffe | straffes | straffe | |
| weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der straffe | die straffe | das straffe | die straffen |
| genitive | des straffen | der straffen | des straffen | der straffen | |
| dative | dem straffen | der straffen | dem straffen | den straffen | |
| accusative | den straffen | die straffe | das straffe | die straffen | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein straffer | eine straffe | ein straffes | (keine) straffen |
| genitive | eines straffen | einer straffen | eines straffen | (keiner) straffen | |
| dative | einem straffen | einer straffen | einem straffen | (keinen) straffen | |
| accusative | einen straffen | eine straffe | ein straffes | (keine) straffen | |
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
Icelandic edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”).[1] Cognate with Swedish straff; compare with German Strafe.
Noun edit
straff n (genitive singular straffs, nominative plural ströff)
- (dated) punishment, penalty
- the state of being confined to one's home; house arrest, the state of being grounded
Declension edit
| n-s | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | straff | straffið | ströff | ströffin |
| accusative | straff | straffið | ströff | ströffin |
| dative | straffi | straffinu | ströffum | ströffunum |
| genitive | straffs | straffsins | straffa | straffanna |
References edit
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
Further reading edit
- “straff” in the Dictionary of Modern Icelandic (in Icelandic) and ISLEX (in the Nordic languages)
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.
Noun edit
straff m (definite singular straffen, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)
- a punishment
- a penalty
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Verb edit
straff
References edit
- “straff” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.
Noun edit
straff f (definite singular straffa, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)
- a punishment
- a penalty
Derived terms edit
References edit
- “straff” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Swedish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”).[1]
Compare with German Strafe. Etymologies 2, 3, and 4 below are all clippings of compounds from Etymology 1.
Noun edit
straff n
- a punishment, a penalty
- (law) sentence
Declension edit
| Declension of straff | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | straff | straffet | straff | straffen |
| Genitive | straffs | straffets | straffs | straffens |
Derived terms edit
- arreststraff
- bötesstraff
- disciplinstraff
- dödsstraff
- frihetsstraff
- fängelsestraff
- förvandlingsstraff
- förvisningsstraff
- helvetesstraff
- isoleringsstraff
- kroppsstraff
- lagstraff
- livsstraff
- livstidsstraff
- matchstraff
- maximistraff
- maxstraff
- minimistraff
- skamstraff
- spöstraff
- stockstraff
- straffdom
- straffknulla
- straffläggning
- straffslag
- straffspark
- straffvärde
- syndastraff
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
straff c
- (soccer, common) penalty kick
- Synonym: straffspark
Declension edit
| Declension of straff | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | straff | straffen | straffar | straffarna |
| Genitive | straffs | straffens | straffars | straffarnas |
Etymology 3 edit
Clipping of straffslag n
Noun edit
straff c
Declension edit
| Declension of straff | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | straff | straffen | straffar | straffarna |
| Genitive | straffs | straffens | straffars | straffarnas |
Etymology 4 edit
Clipping of straffkast n
Noun edit
straff c
- (basketball, handball) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Declension edit
| Declension of straff | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | straff | straffen | straffar | straffarna |
| Genitive | straffs | straffens | straffars | straffarnas |
References edit
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
Further reading edit
- straff in Svensk ordbok.