stumt
Latvian edit
Etymology edit
There are different theories about this word. Some derive it from Proto-Baltic *stum-, from the zero grade *stm̥- of Proto-Indo-European *stem- (“to push; to stutter”), whence also Old Norse stemma (“to press, to hinder”), Middle High German stemmen (“to halt; to make stiff”), German stemmen (“to lift, to press, to hinder”); but note that the “push” meaning is attested only in Baltic languages. Others claim that it comes from Proto-Indo-European *tew-, *tu-, *stew-, *stu- (“to push, to hit”), whence also Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan), Old High German stōzan, German stoßen (“to push, to shove”), and, with an extra m, also the Baltic terms and Russian unattested *стумать (*stumatʹ, “to push”), from which dialectal зату́мный (zatúmnyj, “dark; far (e.g., region)”), засту́ма (zastúma) “sad person” (< “repulsed, pushed away by something”), Ukrainian за́стум (zástum, “remote area”). It is also possible that both sources have contributed to the formation of this word. Cognates include Lithuanian stùmti.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
stumt (transitive, 1st conjugation, present stumju, stum, stumj, past stūmu)
- to push, to pull (to apply force to the front of something in order to make it move)
- stumt ratiņus ― to push the cart
- stumt galdu pie sienas ― to push the table (close to) the wall
- lokomotīve stumj vagonu ― the locomotive pulls the wagon, train car
- ceļš ir izdangāts, un man jānokāpj no velosipēda; tālāk stumju velosipēdu pie rokas ― the road is potholed, and I had to get off the bike; further I carried (lit. pulled) the bike by hand
- (figuratively) rīta saule stūma gājējiem pa priekšu garu, tumšu enu — the morning sun pulled a long, dark shadow in front of the passers-by
- to push, to pull (to make a person or animal move by force)
- Toms nikni sakampa brāli un stūma uz priekšu ― Toms angrily grabbed (his) brother and pulled him forward
- pats kāpj debesīs, citus stumj ellē ― himself (he) goes up to heaven, the others (he) pushes into hell
- neko tu nezini, tu ej, kur dzīvi tevi stumj ― you don't know anything, you go where life pulls, pushes you
- to push into (something), to shove (usually with difficulty)
- stumt roku kabatā ― to shove (one's) hand into (one's) pocket
- stumt kāju zābakā ― to shove (one's) foot into (one's) boot
Conjugation edit
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | stumju | stūmu | stumšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | stum | stūmi | stumsi | stum |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | stumj | stūma | stums | lai stumj |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | stumjam | stūmām | stumsim | stumsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | stumjat | stūmāt | stumsiet, stumsit |
stumiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | stumj | stūma | stums | lai stumj |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | stumjot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | stumjošs | ||
| Past | esot stūmis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | stumdams | ||
| Future | stumšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | stumjot | ||
| Imperative | lai stumjot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | stumjam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | stūmis | |||
| Present | stumtu | Present Passive | stumjams | ||
| Past | būtu stūmis | Past Passive | stumts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāstumj | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | stumt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāstumj | Negative Infinitive | nestumt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāstumjot | Verbal noun | stumšana | ||
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
- prefixed verbs:
- other derived terms:
Related terms edit
References edit
- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stumt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN