tw
Translingual edit
Symbol edit
tw
Egyptian edit
Pronunciation edit
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /tuː/
- Conventional anglicization: tu
Etymology 1 edit
From earlier tj.
Determiner edit
|
f sg proximal, later copular/vocative demonstrative determiner
- (Old Egyptian) this
- (Middle Egyptian) O (vocative reference)
Usage notes edit
This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it follows the noun it describes.
Inflection edit
determiners | pronouns1 | adverbs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
number | singular | dual | plural | unmarked | ||||
gender | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | unmarked | |
proximal to speaker | pn |
tn, jtn |
*jpnj |
*jptnj |
jpn |
jptn |
nn |
— |
distal | pf |
tf |
*jpfj |
*jptfj |
jpf |
jptf |
nf |
— |
proximal to spoken of | pj, pw, py, p |
tj, tw, jtw |
jpwj |
*jptwj |
jpw |
jptw |
nw |
— |
vocative | pꜣ |
tꜣ |
— |
— |
— |
— |
nꜣ |
ꜥꜣ |
|
masculine | feminine | plural | adverb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pronoun | pꜣw |
dj | ||||
determiners and pronouns | pꜣj |
tꜣj |
nꜣj | |||
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns) | pꜣy |
tꜣy |
nꜣy | |||
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) | p-n, pꜣ |
t-nt, tꜣ |
nꜣyw, nꜣ | |||
definite articles | pꜣ |
tꜣ |
nꜣ1 | |||
indefinite articles | wꜥ1 |
nhꜣy1 | ||||
|
Alternative forms edit
| ||
tw |
There is also an alternative form that cannot stand alone as a pronoun: twy.
Pronoun edit
|
impersonal enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun
- (Middle Egyptian) used as the impersonal subject of an adverbial predicate or verb form; one, someone or something unspecified
- used as a substitute for noun phrases referring to the king [since the New Kingdom]
Usage notes edit
tw can be used as a subject without any introductory particle only with a verb in the periphrastic prospective (the pseudoverbal construction with r).
In the sense referring to the king, this pronoun is conventionally translated as capitalized “One”.
Alternative forms edit
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Pronoun edit
|
m sg 2. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun
- Variant spelling of ṯw
References edit
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 51, 54–55, 181.
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
- Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
White Hmong edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Hmong-Mien *tu̯eiX (“tail”). Cognate with Iu Mien dueiv;[1] outside of Hmong-Mien, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]ɗuut (“tip, tail”), whence Khmer កន្ទូត (kɑntuut, “rump of fowl”), as well as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buntut (“rear end of chicken”), whence Malay buntut (“butt”).[2]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tw (classifier: tus)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary[1], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 330.
- ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 283.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20240318042808/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/e-learning/August%201%20Language%20contact.pdf