राष्ट्र

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra). Doublet of राठ (rāṭh), a tadbhava; see also मराठा (marāṭhā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɾɑːʂ.ʈɾᵊ/, [ɾäːʂ.ʈɾᵊ]

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra) m (Urdu spelling راشٹر)

1. nation (sovereign state)

   Synonyms: देश (deś), राज्य (rājya)

   दूसरे विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान, स्पेन तटस्थ राष्ट्र था।

   dūsre viśvayuddh ke daurān, spen taṭasth rāṣṭra thā.

   During the Second World War, Spain was a neutral nation.

2. nation (community of people having a common identity)

   हिंदू राष्ट्र ― hindū rāṣṭra ― the Hindu nation

Declension

Declension of राष्ट्र (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra
oblique	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्रों rāṣṭrõ
vocative	राष्ट्र rāṣṭra	राष्ट्रो rāṣṭro

Derived terms

• महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)
• राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā)
• राष्ट्रीय (rāṣṭrīya)

Related terms

• राष्ट्रपति (rāṣṭrapti)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “राष्ट्र”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾaʂ.ʈɾə/

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra) n or m

1. country, realm, region; territory or tract
2. assembled multitude, numerous company or concourse, host, swarm
3. nation

Derived terms

• महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)
• राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā)
• राष्ट्रीय (rāṣṭrīy)
• राष्ट्रपती (rāṣṭraptī)
• राष्ट्रप्रेम (rāṣṭraprem)
• राष्ट्रभक्ती (rāṣṭrabhaktī)
• राष्ट्रवादी (rāṣṭravādī)

Further reading

• Molesworth, James T. (1831) A Dictionary Muraṭ,hee & English‎^[1], Bombay, page 878

Nepali

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [räs̠t̠rʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: रास्ट्र

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra)

1. nation, country

   Synonym: देश (deś)

References

• “राष्ट्र”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[2], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “राष्ट्र”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ৰাষ্ট্ৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬭᬵᬱ᭄ᬝ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
• রাষ্ট্র (Bengali script)
• 𑰨𑰯𑰬𑰿𑰘𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀭𑀸𑀱𑁆𑀝𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ရာၑ္ဋြ (Burmese script)
• રાષ્ટ્ર (Gujarati script)
• ਰਾਸ਼੍ਟ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌰𑌾𑌷𑍍𑌟𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦫꦴꦰ꧀ꦛꦿ (Javanese script)
• 𑂩𑂰𑂭𑂹𑂗𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ (Kannada script)
• រាឞ្ដ្រ (Khmer script)
• ຣາຩ຺ຏ຺ຣ (Lao script)
• രാഷ്ട്ര (Malayalam script)
• ᡵᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᢞᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘨𑘰𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᠷᠠᢗᢔᢌᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧈𑧑𑧌𑧠𑦸𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐬𑐵𑐲𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
• ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର (Odia script)
• ꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆫𑆳𑆰𑇀𑆛𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖨𑖯𑖬𑖿𑖘𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
• රාෂ‍්ට්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩼𑩛𑪀 𑪙𑩦 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚤𑚭𑚶𑚔𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
• ராஷ்ட்ர (Tamil script)
• రాష్ట్ర (Telugu script)
• ราษฺฏฺร (Thai script)
• རཱ་ཥྚྲ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒩𑒰𑒭𑓂𑒙𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨫𑨊𑨯𑩇𑨔𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵ-tro-m, from *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) (which was reinterpreted as being from a root *h₃rēǵ-) + *-trom (suffix denoting an instrument). See also राज् (rāj), राजन् (rājan).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɾɑːʂ.ʈɾɐ/

Noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭrá) stem, m or n

1. a kingdom, realm, empire, dominion, district, country
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 4.42.1:

     मम द्विता राष्ट्रं क्षत्रियस्य विश्वायोर्विश्वे अमृता यथा नः ।
     क्रतुं सचन्ते वरुणस्य देवा राजामि कृष्टेरुपमस्य वव्रेः ॥

     mama dvitā rāṣṭraṃ kṣatriyasya viśvāyorviśve amṛtā yathā naḥ.
     kratuṃ sacante varuṇasya devā rājāmi kṛṣṭerupamasya vavreḥ.

     I am the royal Ruler, this is my empire, all immortals testify to us.
     The Gods follow the will of Varuṇa; I rule over the people of the highest form.

2. a people, nation, subjects
   • c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
3. public calamity such as plague, famine, etc.

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of राष्ट्र (rāṣṭrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	राष्ट्रम् rāṣṭrám	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्राणि / राष्ट्रा¹ rāṣṭrā́ṇi / rāṣṭrā́¹
Vocative	राष्ट्र rā́ṣṭra	राष्ट्रे rā́ṣṭre	राष्ट्राणि / राष्ट्रा¹ rā́ṣṭrāṇi / rā́ṣṭrā¹
Accusative	राष्ट्रम् rāṣṭrám	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्राणि / राष्ट्रा¹ rāṣṭrā́ṇi / rāṣṭrā́¹
Instrumental	राष्ट्रेण rāṣṭréṇa	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रैः / राष्ट्रेभिः¹ rāṣṭraíḥ / rāṣṭrébhiḥ¹
Dative	राष्ट्राय rāṣṭrā́ya	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrébhyaḥ
Ablative	राष्ट्रात् rāṣṭrā́t	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrébhyaḥ
Genitive	राष्ट्रस्य rāṣṭrásya	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭráyoḥ	राष्ट्राणाम् rāṣṭrā́ṇām
Locative	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭráyoḥ	राष्ट्रेषु rāṣṭréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of राष्ट्र (rāṣṭrá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	राष्ट्रः rāṣṭráḥ	राष्ट्रौ / राष्ट्रा¹ rāṣṭraú / rāṣṭrā́¹	राष्ट्राः / राष्ट्रासः¹ rāṣṭrā́ḥ / rāṣṭrā́saḥ¹
Vocative	राष्ट्र rā́ṣṭra	राष्ट्रौ / राष्ट्रा¹ rā́ṣṭrau / rā́ṣṭrā¹	राष्ट्राः / राष्ट्रासः¹ rā́ṣṭrāḥ / rā́ṣṭrāsaḥ¹
Accusative	राष्ट्रम् rāṣṭrám	राष्ट्रौ / राष्ट्रा¹ rāṣṭraú / rāṣṭrā́¹	राष्ट्रान् rāṣṭrā́n
Instrumental	राष्ट्रेण rāṣṭréṇa	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रैः / राष्ट्रेभिः¹ rāṣṭraíḥ / rāṣṭrébhiḥ¹
Dative	राष्ट्राय rāṣṭrā́ya	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrébhyaḥ
Ablative	राष्ट्रात् rāṣṭrā́t	राष्ट्राभ्याम् rāṣṭrā́bhyām	राष्ट्रेभ्यः rāṣṭrébhyaḥ
Genitive	राष्ट्रस्य rāṣṭrásya	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭráyoḥ	राष्ट्राणाम् rāṣṭrā́ṇām
Locative	राष्ट्रे rāṣṭré	राष्ट्रयोः rāṣṭráyoḥ	राष्ट्रेषु rāṣṭréṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Synonyms

• राज्य (rājya), साम्राज्य (sāmrājya) (a kingdom, a great realm, an empire)

Derived terms

• राष्ट्रपति (rāṣṭrapati)
• राष्ट्रिका f (rāṣṭrikā)
• राष्ट्रीय (rāṣṭrīya)
• सुराष्ट्र (surāṣṭra)

Descendants

• Dhivehi: ރަށް (raṣ̊)
• Pali: raṭṭha
  • → Burmese: ရဋ္ဌ (rathta.)
  • → Khmer: រដ្ឋ (rŏət)
  • → Lao: ລັດ (lat), ຣັຖ (rat) (old spelling)
  • → Thai: รัฐ (rát)

Borrowed terms

• Hindi: राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
• Burmese: ရာသတြ (Raasatra)
• Malayalam: രാഷ്ട്രം (rāṣṭraṁ)
• Marathi: राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
• Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ (rāṣṭra)
• Nepali: राष्ट्र (rāṣṭra)
• Punjabi: ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ (rāśṭar)
• Telugu: రాష్ట్రము (rāṣṭramu)
• Thai: ราษฎร (râat-sà-dɔɔn), ราษฎร์ (râat)

Proper noun

राष्ट्र • (rāṣṭra) stem, m

1. name of a king (son of काशि)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “राष्ट्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0879/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 449-50
• Haughton, Graves C. (1833) “ৰাষ্ট্ৰ”, in A Dictionary, Bengálí and Sanskrit, Explained in English, and Adapted for Students of Either Language‎^[4], London: J. L. Cox & Son, page 2397