Appendix:Old Tupi pronunciation

Old Tupi phonemes as they are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The Tupian alphabet used is the one developed by Antônio Lemos Barbosa and Eduardo de Almeida Navarro.

Consonants
IPA Representation Example Simmilar to
ʔ '[n 1] mba'e (thing) (ʔ)uh-(ʔ)oh
β̞ b abá (man) Spanish huevo
ɣ g ygara (canoe) Icelandic saga
ɡʷ[n 2] ará (scarlet ibis) guano
h h hh (yes) house
k k ka'a (forest) kite
kʷ arasy (sun) quantic
m m mokaba (gun) medic
ᵐb mb mboîa (snake) Kimbundu mbunda
n n nambi (ear) nugget
ⁿd nd nde (you) Greek έντομο (éntomo)
ŋ ng nhe'eng (to speak) sing
ɲ nh kunhã (woman) Spanish jalapeño
p p pó (hand) pot
pʲ eak (to see) pyeong
pʷ era (old) pueblo
ɾ r gûariba (howler monkey) better (AusE)
s s[n 3] sy (mother) saturday
t t tatu (armadillo) tower
ʃ x ixé (I) shock
Semivowels
j î îasy (moon) yes
w û apûã (pointy) watch
ɨ̯ ŷ apŷaba (man)
Vowels
a a arara (macaw) hat (RP)
ɛ e sykyîé (fear) bet
i i karaíba (white man) free
ɔ o só (to go) not (RP)
u u gûasu (big) boot
ɨ y 'y (fruit) Russian быть (by)
ã ã marã (evil) French croissant
a[n 4] maraka (mini-macaw)
ɛ̃ nha' (plate) French brin
e[n 4] nhe'enga (language)
ĩ ĩ mirĩ (small) Portuguese assim
i[n 4] tinga (white)
ɔ̃ õ mokõi (two) French son
o[n 4] komixã (grumichama)
ũ ũ apekũ (tongue) Portuguese um
u[n 4] una (black)
ɨ̃ amîa (grandfather) Japanese (くん, ​kun)
y[n 4] aroane'ym (unproperly)
Diacritics
Use
´ Primary stress
~ Nasalisation
^ Semivowel

Notes

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  1. ^ Traditionally represented by a simple apostrophe ('). Other languages that have the glottal stop, namely Guaraní, may prefer to use the modifier letter apostrophe (ʼ) instead.
  2. ^ Some scholars disagree this sound existed in Tupi, saying it came from a misundertanding of the Europeans at the time and that w was used in all cases.
  3. ^ Carvalho (1987) uses ç.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 When preceding M, N or next to a nasal vowel.

References

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See also

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