κλάδος
Ancient Greek
editEtymology
editApparently from a Proto-Hellenic *klə́dos, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥d-o-s (“piece of wood”), which is traditionally linked to *kelh₂- (“to break”). Often compared with Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”) and Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Beekes is skeptical enough of Indo-European origin and particularly the connection of the reconstructed root to *kelh₂- to suggest a Pre-Greek origin, though not skeptical enough to reject an Indo-European origin entirely.[1]
Other potential cognates include Latin clādes, Old Irish caill, Macedonian клада (klada).
Pronunciation
edit- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /klá.dos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkla.dos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈkla.ðos/
Noun
editκλᾰ́δος • (klắdos) m (genitive κλᾰ́δου); second declension
- (botany) young slip or shoot of a tree, such as is broken off for grafting
- olive-branch which was wound round with wool and presented by suppliants
- laurel branches used in temples
- (anatomy) branch of a blood vessel
- (figuratively) arm
Inflection
editThe second declension is much more common, but the third is seen, especially in poetic works.
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho klắdos |
τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ klắdō |
οἱ κλᾰ́δοι hoi klắdoi | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλᾰ́δου toû klắdou |
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn klắdoin |
τῶν κλᾰ́δων tôn klắdōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλᾰ́δῳ tôi klắdōi |
τοῖν κλᾰ́δοιν toîn klắdoin |
τοῖς κλᾰ́δοις toîs klắdois | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλᾰ́δον tòn klắdon |
τὼ κλᾰ́δω tṑ klắdō |
τοὺς κλᾰ́δους toùs klắdous | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δε klắde |
κλᾰ́δω klắdō |
κλᾰ́δοι klắdoi | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ κλᾰ́δος ho klắdos |
τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ klắde |
οἱ κλᾰ́δες hoi klắdes | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ κλᾰδός toû klădós |
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn klădoîn |
τῶν κλᾰδῶν tôn klădôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ κλᾰδῐ́ tôi klădĭ́ |
τοῖν κλᾰδοῖν toîn klădoîn |
τοῖς κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰσῐ́ν toîs klăsĭ́(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν κλᾰ́δᾰ tòn klắdă |
τὼ κλᾰ́δε tṑ klắde |
τοὺς κλᾰ́δᾰς toùs klắdăs | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δος klắdos |
κλᾰ́δε klắde |
κλᾰ́δες klắdes | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | κλᾰ́δος klắdos |
κλᾰ́δε klắde |
κλᾰ́δες klắdes | ||||||||||
Genitive | κλᾰδός klădós |
κλᾰδοῖῐν klădoîĭn |
κλᾰδῶν / κλᾰδέων klădôn / klădéōn | ||||||||||
Dative | κλᾰδῐ́ klădĭ́ |
κλᾰδοῖῐν klădoîĭn |
κλᾰσῐ́ / κλᾰ́δεσσῐ / κλᾰ́δεσῐ / κλᾰδέεσσῐ klăsĭ́ / klắdessĭ / klắdesĭ / klădéessĭ | ||||||||||
Accusative | κλᾰ́δᾰ klắdă |
κλᾰ́δε klắde |
κλᾰ́δᾰς klắdăs | ||||||||||
Vocative | κλᾰ́δος klắdos |
κλᾰ́δε klắde |
κλᾰ́δες klắdes | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
edit- κλαδεία (kladeía)
- κλαδεύματα (kladeúmata)
- κλάδευσις (kládeusis)
- κλαδευτέον (kladeutéon)
- κλαδευτήριον (kladeutḗrion)
- κλαδευτής (kladeutḗs)
- κλαδέω (kladéō)
- κλαδεών (kladeṓn)
- κλαδηφορέω (kladēphoréō)
- κλαδηφόρος (kladēphóros)
- κλάδινος (kládinos)
- κλάδιον (kládion)
- κλαδίσκος (kladískos)
- κλαδοειδής (kladoeidḗs)
- κλαδοτομέω (kladotoméō)
- κλαδοτομία (kladotomía)
- κλαδώδης (kladṓdēs)
- κλαδών (kladṓn)
- ὀλιγόκλαδος (oligóklados)
- πολύκλαδος (polúklados)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κλάδος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 708-9
Further reading
edit- “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “κλάδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- κλάδος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- G2798 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- κλάδος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- κλάδος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
editEtymology
editLearnedly, borrowed from the Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos). The figurative and scientific senses, semantic loan from French branche and rameau.[1] Also see the inherited doublets κλαδί (kladí) and κλαρί (klarí). Possibly related to ὀκλαδόν (okladón).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editκλάδος • (kládos) m (plural κλάδοι)
- (horticulture, formal) branch, bough
- (figuratively) branch of organisation
- (biology) clade
- (domain) industry
- Ο τουριστικός κλάδος θα χρειαστεί χρόνο για να ανακάμψει.
- O touristikós kládos tha chreiasteí chróno gia na anakámpsei.
- The tourism industry will need time to recover.
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | κλάδος (kládos) | κλάδοι (kládoi) |
genitive | κλάδου (kládou) | κλάδων (kládon) |
accusative | κλάδο (kládo) | κλάδους (kládous) |
vocative | κλάδε (kláde) | κλάδοι (kládoi) |
Related terms
edit- ακλάδευτος (akládeftos, “unpruned”)
- άκλαδος (áklados, “unbranched; untrimmed”)
- ακλάδωτος (akládotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
- ακλάρωτος (aklárotos, “with branches - undamaged”)
- ανακλαδίζομαι (anakladízomai, “stretch, squat”)
- ανακλάδισμα n (anakládisma, “stretch”)
- διακλάδωση f (diakládosi, “division in branches”)
- δικακλαδίζομαι (dikakladízomai, “divide in branches”)
- κλάδα f (kláda, “large branch”)
- κλαδάκι (kladáki, “twig, twiglet”, adjective)
- κλάδεμα n (kládema, “pruning”)
- κλάδευμα n (kládevma, “pruning”)
- κλαδευτήρα f (kladeftíra, “pruning knife, bill-hook”)
- κλαδευτήρι n (kladeftíri, “secateurs, loppers”)
- κλαδευτής m (kladeftís, “pruner”)
- κλαδεύω (kladévo, “I prune”)
- κλαδί n (kladí, “branch, twig”)
- κλαδικός (kladikós, “cladic, sectoral”, adjective)
- κλαδώνω (kladóno, “to branch”)
- κλαδωτός (kladotós, “appliqued, sprigged”, adjective)
- κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
- κυκλαδικός (kykladikós, “cycladic”)
- ματόκλαδο n (matóklado, “eyelash”)
- μετά βαΐων και κλάδων (metá vaḯon kai kládon)
- ξερόκλαδο n (xeróklado, “dead branch”)
- παρακλάδι n (parakládi, “offshoot”)
- περικοκλάδα f (perikokláda, “bindweed”)
- πολυκλαδικός (polykladikós, “multidisciplinary, multibranched”)
- χαμόκλαδο n (chamóklado, “understorey, undergrowth”)
- and see: κλαδεύω (kladévo, “to prune”) and κλαρί n (klarí, “branch, twig”)
References
edit- ^ κλάδος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
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