τέσσαρες

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek numbers ^(edit)

	40
←  3	δʹ 4	5  →
Cardinal: τέσσᾰρες (téssares)     Ordinal: τέτᾰρτος (tétartos)     Adverbial: τετρᾰ́κῐς (tetrákis)     Collective: τετρᾰ́ς (tetrás)

Alternative forms

• τέττᾰρες (téttares) – Attic
• τέσσερες (tésseres) – Ionic, later Greek
• τέτορες (tétores) – Doric
• πῐ́σῠρες (písures) – Epic, Aeolic
• πέσῠρες (pésures), πέσσῠρες (péssures) – Aeolic
• πέττᾰρες (péttares) – Boeotian

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *kʷétwores, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres. Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀤𐀵𐀫 (qe-to-ro), Sanskrit चतुर् (catur), Old Armenian չորք (čʿorkʿ), Latin quattuor, and Old English fēower (English four).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /tés.sa.res/ → /ˈtes.sa.res/ → /ˈte.sa.res/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /tés.sa.res/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈtes.sa.res/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈtes.sa.res/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈtes.sa.res/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈte.sa.res/

Numeral

τέσσᾰρες • (téssares) (ordinal τέτᾰρτος, adverbial τετρᾰ́κῐς)

1. four

Declension

Third declension of τέσσᾰρες; τέσσᾰρᾰ (Attic)

Number		Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		τέσσᾰρες téssares	τέσσᾰρᾰ téssara
Genitive		τεσσᾰ́ρων tessárōn	τεσσᾰ́ρων tessárōn
Dative		τέσσᾰρσῐ / τέσσᾰρσῐν téssarsi(n)	τέσσᾰρσῐ / τέσσᾰρσῐν téssarsi(n)
Accusative		τέσσᾰρᾰς téssaras	τέσσᾰρᾰ téssara
Vocative		—	—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• τετρα- (tetra-)
• τεσσᾰρεσκαίδεκᾰ (tessareskaídeka)
• τεσσαράκοντα (tessarákonta)

Descendants

• English: tessara-
• Greek: τέσσερις (tésseris)
• Mariupol Greek: тэ́сэра (tésera), тэ́сера (tésjera)

References

• “τέσσᾰρες”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “τέσσαρες”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “τέσσαρες”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• τέσσαρες in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• τέσσαρες in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “τέσσαρες”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5064 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • four idem, page 341.