Wiktionary

кум

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kum"

Eastern Mari

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kum/
  • Rhymes: -um
  • Hyphenation: кум

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).

Numeral

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кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)

Eastern Mari numbers (edit)
30
[a], [b] ←  2 3 4  → [a], [b]
    Cardinal: кум (kum), кумыт (kumyt)
    Ordinal: кумшо (kumšo)
  1. three
    кум сутка
    kum sutka
    three days

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).

Noun

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кум • (kum)

  1. godfather
  2. father (of one's godchild)
  3. (figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism
    пашаште кум лийшаш огыл
    pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl
    you shouldn't show favoritism in work
Declension
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Declension of кум
singular plural
nominative кум (kum) кум-влак (kum-vlak)
accusative кумым (kumym) кум-влакым (kum-vlakym)
genitive кумын (kumyn) кум-влакын (kum-vlakyn)
dative кумлан (kumlan) кум-влаклан (kum-vlaklan)
comitative кумге (kumge) кум-влакге (kum-vlakge)
comparative кумла (kumla) кум-влакла (kum-vlakla)
inessive кумышто (kumyšto) кум-влакыште (kum-vlakyšte)
illative short кумыш (kumyš) кум-влакыш (kum-vlakyš)
long кумышко (kumyško) кум-влакышке (kum-vlakyške)
lative кумеш (kumeš) кум-влакеш (kum-vlakeš)
Possessed forms of кум
singular plural
1st person кумем (kumem) кумна (kumna)
2nd person кумет (kumet) кумда (kumda)
3rd person кумжо (kumžo) кумышт (kumyšt)

References

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  • J. Bradley et al. (2023) “кум”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna

Kyrgyz

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Kyrgyz Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ky

Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *kum.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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кум • (kum) (Arabic spelling قۇم)

  1. sand (finely ground rock)

Declension

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Declension of кум
singular
(жекелик) 		plural
(көптөгөн)
nominative (атооч) кум
kum 		кумдар
kumdar
genitive (илик) кумдун
kumdun 		кумдардын
kumdardın
dative (барыш) кумга
kumga 		кумдарга
kumdarga
accusative (табыш) кумду
kumdu 		кумдарды
kumdardı
locative (жатыш) кумда
kumda 		кумдарда
kumdarda
ablative (чыгыш) кумдан
kumdan 		кумдардан
kumdardan
possessive forms
first-person singular
(менин)
nominative кумум
kumum 		кумдарым
kumdarım
genitive кумумдун
kumumdun 		кумдарымдын
kumdarımdın
dative кумума
kumuma 		кумдарыма
kumdarıma
accusative кумумду
kumumdu 		кумдарымды
kumdarımdı
locative кумумда
kumumda 		кумдарымда
kumdarımda
ablative кумумдан
kumumdan 		кумдарымдан
kumdarımdan
second-person singular informal
(сенин)
nominative кумуң
kumuŋ 		кумдарың
kumdarıŋ
genitive кумуңдун
kumuŋdun 		кумдарыңдын
kumdarıŋdın
dative кумуңа
kumuŋa 		кумдарыңа
kumdarıŋa
accusative кумуңду
kumuŋdu 		кумдарыңды
kumdarıŋdı
locative кумуңда
kumuŋda 		кумдарыңда
kumdarıŋda
ablative кумуңдан
kumuŋdan 		кумдарыңдан
kumdarıŋdan
second-person singular formal
(сиздин)
nominative кумуңуз
kumuŋuz 		кумдарыңыз
kumdarıŋız
genitive кумуңуздун
kumuŋuzdun 		кумдарыңыздын
kumdarıŋızdın
dative кумуңузга
kumuŋuzga 		кумдарыңызга
kumdarıŋızga
accusative кумуңузду
kumuŋuzdu 		кумдарыңызды
kumdarıŋızdı
locative кумуңузда
kumuŋuzda 		кумдарыңызда
kumdarıŋızda
ablative кумуңуздан
kumuŋuzdan 		кумдарыңыздан
kumdarıŋızdan

Macedonian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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кум • (kum) m (plural кумови, feminine кума, relational adjective кумов, diminutive кумче)

  1. witness (at a wedding)
  2. godfather

Declension

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Declension of кум
singular plural
indefinite кум (kum) кумови (kumovi)
definite unspecified кумот (kumot) кумовите (kumovite)
definite proximal кумов (kumov) кумовиве (kumovive)
definite distal кумон (kumon) кумовине (kumovine)
vocative куме (kume) кумови (kumovi)
count form — кума (kuma)

Derived terms

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Nogai

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Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Kazakh құм (qūm), Karakalpak qum, etc.

Noun

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кум • (qum)

  1. sand

Northern Altai

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Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Shor қум (qum), қумақ (qumaq), Khakas хум (xum), Chulym қум (qum), Western Yugur qum, Tuvan кум (kum), Tofa һум (hum), etc.

Noun

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кум • (kum)

  1. sand

See also

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References

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  • N. A. Baskakov, editor (1985), “кум, кубак, кувак”, in Severnyje Dialekty Altajskovo( Ojrotskovo) Jazyka- Dialekt Lebedinskix Tatar-čalkancev(kuu-kiži) [Northern Altai language-Dialect of Chelkan], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoj literatury, →ISBN
  • N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “кубак”, in Severnyje dialekty Altajskovo (Ojrotskovo Jazyka- Dialekt kumandincev(Kumandin Kiži) [Northern Dialect of Altai -Kumandin Dialect(Kumandin kiži)], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoja literatury, →ISBN

Russian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [kum]
  • Audio:(file)

Etymology 1

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).

Noun

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кум • (kum) m anim (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural кумовья́, genitive plural кумовьёв, feminine кума́)

  1. godfather of one's child
  2. father of one's godchild
  3. (colloquial) a friend in high places, one's benefactor
  4. (criminal slang) security officer, detective
  5. (obsolete) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)
Declension
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Declension of кум (anim masc-form hard-stem accent-c irreg) 
singular plural
nominative ку́м
kúm 		кумовья́△
kumovʹjá△
genitive ку́ма
kúma 		кумовьёв△
kumovʹjóv△
dative ку́му
kúmu 		кумовья́м△
kumovʹjám△
accusative ку́ма
kúma 		кумовьёв△
kumovʹjóv△
instrumental ку́мом
kúmom 		кумовья́ми△
kumovʹjámi△
prepositional ку́ме
kúme 		кумовья́х△
kumovʹjáx△

△ Irregular.

Derived terms
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Descendants
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  • → Ingrian: kooma
See also
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Further reading

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  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кум”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кума”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from Turkic; compare to Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Uzbek qum.

Noun

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кум • (kum) m inan (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́мы, genitive plural ку́мов)

  1. (geomorphology) erg, sand sea (in Central Asia)
Declension
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Declension of кум (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 
singular plural
nominative ку́м
kúm 		ку́мы
kúmy
genitive ку́ма
kúma 		ку́мов
kúmov
dative ку́му
kúmu 		ку́мам
kúmam
accusative ку́м
kúm 		ку́мы
kúmy
instrumental ку́мом
kúmom 		ку́мами
kúmami
prepositional ку́ме
kúme 		ку́мах
kúmax

Etymology 3

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Noun

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кум • (kum) f anim pl

  1. genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)

Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology 1

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, from earlier *kъmotrъ, from Latin commater, see kmotra, kmotr in Czech.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ку̑м m (Latin spelling kȗm)

  1. godfather
  2. witness (at wedding)
Declension
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Declension of кум
singular plural
nominative ку̑м ку̏мови
genitive кума кумова
dative куму кумовима
accusative кума кумове
vocative куме кумови
locative куму кумовима
instrumental кумом кумовима

Further reading

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  • “кум”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قوم (Turkish kum (“sand”)).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ку̏м m (Latin spelling kȕm)

  1. (uncountable) sand
Declension
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Declension of кум
singular
nominative кум
genitive кума
dative куму
accusative кум
vocative куму
locative куму
instrumental кумом

Further reading

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  • “кум”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Southern Altai

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Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”). Cognate with Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Crimean Tatar qum, Kumyk хум (xum), Bashkir ҡом (qom), Tatar ком (qom), Azerbaijani qum, Turkish kum, Turkmen gum, Uzbek qum, Khakas хум (xum), Shor қум, Tuvan кум (kum), Western Yugur qum, etc.

Noun

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кум • (kum)

  1. sand

Synonyms

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References

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“кум”, in Grammatika Altajskovo Jazyka [Altaic language Grammar], Kazan: V universtiteskoj til, 1869, →ISBN

Tuvan

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Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”).

Noun

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кум • (kum) (definite accusative кумну, plural кумнар)

  1. sand

Ukrainian

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Ukrainian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia uk

Pronunciation

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  This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”) (whence also кума́ (kumá)), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).

Noun

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кум • (kum) m pers (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́ми, genitive plural ку́мів, feminine кума́, relational adjective кумі́вський or ку́мів)

  1. godfather of one's child
  2. father of one's godchild
  3. (colloquial) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)
  4. (folk poetic) used as an epithet for a wolf
Declension
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Declension of кум
(pers hard masc-form accent-a)
singular plural
nominative кум
kum 		ку́ми
kúmy
genitive ку́ма
kúma 		ку́мів
kúmiv
dative ку́мові, ку́му
kúmovi, kúmu 		ку́мам
kúmam
accusative ку́ма
kúma 		ку́мів
kúmiv
instrumental ку́мом
kúmom 		ку́мами
kúmamy
locative ку́мові, ку́мі
kúmovi, kúmi 		ку́мах
kúmax
vocative ку́ме
kúme 		ку́ми
kúmy
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See also
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Further reading

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Etymology 2

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Onomatopoeic

Alternative forms

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Noun

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кум • (kum)

  1. sound of a frog, ribbit
Derived terms
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Further reading

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Etymology 3

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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кум • (kum) f pers pl

  1. genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)
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