تو
Arabic edit
Etymology edit
In the sense of a knot from Persian تو (tô, “twist”). In the sense of having been just a borrowing from Egyptian Arabic تَوّ (taww) in its meaning, also Hassaniya تو (tow, “instant”), Marazīq Tunisian Arabic تاو (tâu, “moment”), in view of Sabaean 𐩻𐩥 (ṯw, “until”) borrowed from Old South Arabian, in its more original meaning present in Andalusian Arabic ثَو ذَا (ṯaw ḏā) or تَو ذَا (taw ḏā, “until now”) and Yemeni Arabic تَو (taw, “in front of”), and following this prepositional character still most notorious with personal suffixes. Possibly corresponding to سَوْفَ (sawfa) and Ge'ez ሶበ (sobä), ሶቤ (sobe, “when”).
Noun edit
تَوّ • (taww) m (plural أَتْوَاء (ʔatwāʔ))
- (obsolete) a knot, a twist or contortion in a rope; a rope that is twisted of a single strand
- instantaneousness, immediacy, onlyness, the condition of having been present just i.e. recently and/or alone
Usage notes edit
Though parsing as a noun, the sense of an “instance” is of restricted use, often in the adverbial accusative تَوًّا (tawwan, “just; in a bit”), and in prepositional phrases فِي التَوِّ (fī t-tawwi) and لِلتَّوِّ (li-t-tawwi) which latter in particular also takes personal suffixes instead of the article, for the findability of which constructions this dictionary entry renders the following table:
Inflection edit
Inflected forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | لِتَوِّ (litawwi) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
First person | لِتَوِّي (litawwī) | لِتَوِّنَا (litawwinā) | |||
Second person | لِتَوِّكَ (litawwika) | لِتَوِّكِ (litawwiki) | لِتَوِّكُمَا (litawwikumā) | لِتَوِّكُمْ (litawwikum) | لِتَوِّكُنَّ (litawwikunna) |
Third person | لِتَوِّهِ (litawwihi) | لِتَوِّهَا (litawwihā) | لِتَوِّهِمَا (litawwihimā) | لِتَوِّهِمْ (litawwihim) | لِتَوِّهِنَّ (litawwihinna) |
Declension edit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | تَوّ taww |
التَّوّ at-taww |
تَوّ taww |
Nominative | تَوٌّ tawwun |
التَّوُّ at-tawwu |
تَوُّ tawwu |
Accusative | تَوًّا tawwan |
التَّوَّ at-tawwa |
تَوَّ tawwa |
Genitive | تَوٍّ tawwin |
التَّوِّ at-tawwi |
تَوِّ tawwi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | تَوَّيْن tawwayn |
التَّوَّيْن at-tawwayn |
تَوَّيْ tawway |
Nominative | تَوَّانِ tawwāni |
التَّوَّانِ at-tawwāni |
تَوَّا tawwā |
Accusative | تَوَّيْنِ tawwayni |
التَّوَّيْنِ at-tawwayni |
تَوَّيْ tawway |
Genitive | تَوَّيْنِ tawwayni |
التَّوَّيْنِ at-tawwayni |
تَوَّيْ tawway |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَتْوَاء ʔatwāʔ |
الْأَتْوَاء al-ʔatwāʔ |
أَتْوَاء ʔatwāʔ |
Nominative | أَتْوَاءٌ ʔatwāʔun |
الْأَتْوَاءُ al-ʔatwāʔu |
أَتْوَاءُ ʔatwāʔu |
Accusative | أَتْوَاءً ʔatwāʔan |
الْأَتْوَاءَ al-ʔatwāʔa |
أَتْوَاءَ ʔatwāʔa |
Genitive | أَتْوَاءٍ ʔatwāʔin |
الْأَتْوَاءِ al-ʔatwāʔi |
أَتْوَاءِ ʔatwāʔi |
Derived terms edit
- تَوَّة (tawwa, “a short period”)
References edit
- Corriente, F. (1997) A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East; 29)[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 81b
- Corriente, Federico (2008), “Additions and corrections to A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes[2], volume 98, page 41
- Freytag, Georg (1830), “تو”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 203a
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “تو”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 320–321
- Wehr, Hans; Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985), “تو”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 146a
Kohistani Shina edit
Noun edit
توٗ (tó)
Malay edit
Determiner edit
تو (tu)
Pronoun edit
تو (tu)
Persian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Persian 𐭫𐭪 (LK /tō/, “you, thou”), from Old Persian (compare 𐎬𐎺𐎶 (tuvam)), from Proto-Iranian *tuHám (compare Northern Kurdish tu, Pashto ته (tə), Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬨 (tūm)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tuHám, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [tuː], [toː]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [t̪ʰo]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [t̪ʰu]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | tū, tō |
Dari reading? | tū |
Iranian reading? | to |
Tajik reading? | tu |
audio (Iran) (file)
Pronoun edit
Dari | تو |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | ту |
تو • (to)
- you, thou (informal, singular)
- (generally with following را) you, thee
- (at the end of an ezafe) your, thy
Usage notes edit
- The form تو را (to râ) may be contracted into ترا (torâ). In Iranian Persian and Tajik, both forms are pronounced the same regardless.
- some dialects use all regional pronunciations interchangeably
See also edit
See also edit
- شما (formal, polite, and grammatically plural)
Etymology 2 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 3 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun edit
Etymology 4 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
تو • (tu)
- (Iran or rare) inside; interior
- (In some dialects as Luri) room, especially an outdoor room (Synonymous with اتاق (otâq, otâq) which is of Turkic origin)
Preposition edit
تو • (tu)
Usage notes edit
- May be construed with or without ezafe.
Adverb edit
تو • (tu)
Adjective edit
تو • (tu)
Southwestern Fars edit
Noun edit
تو (tow)
- (Masarm, Deh Sarv) fever
Urdu edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa तुहुं (tuhũ), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (tumaṃ), 𑀢𑀼𑀁 (tuṃ), from Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /t̪uː/
- Rhymes: -uː
Pronoun edit
تُو • (tū) (Hindi spelling तू)
- (informal, intimate, contemptuous, possibly vulgar) second-person singular subjective personal pronoun: you, thou; Early Modern English thou.
- (dialectal, literary, religion) second-person singular subjective personal pronoun, intimate or very polite: thou
- اے خدا تو ہی میرا مددگار ہے!
- ai xudā tū-hī merā madadgār hai!
- O God, only thou art my helper!
Usage notes edit
- تو is the least formal way of expressing "you" in Urdu and is used when addressing those of much lower social status or those one has a close enough relationship with to justify the reduced formality. Because the less formal forms could offend others, آپ is the safest way to express "you" unless there is reason to be less formal, where تم would be appropriate. The usage of تو varies. In some cases speakers would use it to refer to babies or children or even close friends, while others would use it only to refer to those they consider socially inferior, and some consider its use for people to be very rude in any situation. However تو, when used to address deities reflects a sense of reverence and closeness commensurate with the lack of formalities.
Determiner edit
تُو • (tū) sg (plural تم, Hindi spelling तू)
- (informal, intimate, contemptuous, possibly vulgar) the individual spoken or written to; you, thou, Early Modern English thou.
Declension edit
See also edit
- تم (tum) - semiformal, familiar, grammatically plural
- آپ (āp) - formal, polite, grammatically plural
Urdu personal pronouns | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Description | Direct case | Indirect case | Ergative case | Dative/Accusative case | |
1st person | singular | مَیں (ma͠i) | مُجھ (mujh) | مَیں نے (ma͠i ne) | مُجھ کو (mujh ko),
مُجھے (mujhe) | |
plural | ہَم (ham) | ہَم نے (ham ne) | ہَم کو (ham ko),
ہَمیں (hamẽ) | |||
2nd person | informal (intimate) | تُو (tū) | تُجھ (tujh) | تُو نے (tū ne) | تُجھ کو (tujh ko),
تُجھے (tujhe) | |
semiformal (familiar) | تُم (tum) | تُم نے (tum ne) | تُم کو (tum ko),
تُمْہیں (tumhẽ) | |||
formal (polite) | آپ (āp) | آپ نے (āp ne) | آپ کو (āp ko) | |||
3rd person | proximal | singular / informal | یہ (ye) | اِس (is) | اِس نے (is ne) | اِس کو (is ko),
اِسے (ise) |
plural / formal | اِن (in) | اِنْہوں نے (inhõ ne) | اِن کو (in ko),
اِنْہیں (inhẽ) | |||
distal | singular / informal | وُہ (vo) | اُس (us) | اُس نے (us ne) | اُس کو (us ko),
اُسے (use) | |
plural / formal | اُن (un) | اُنْہوں نے (unhõ ne) | اُن کو (un ko),
اُنْہیں (unhẽ) |
Etymology 2 edit
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit, probably from Sanskrit ततस् (tatas, “from there”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /t̪oː/
Conjunction edit
References edit
- Platts, John T. (1884), “تو”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “तू”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press