خراج

Arabic

Etymology 1

From خ ر ج (ḵ r j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching from Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃 (hrg /⁠harg⁠/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃 (xrg /⁠xarg⁠/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /⁠harg⁠/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /⁠*harāka⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /⁠hălāḵā⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /⁠ilku⁠/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/⁠hălāḵā⁠/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.

Noun

خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʔaḵrija))

1. public levy, subsidy; poll-tax, tribute

Declension

Declension of noun خَرَاج (ḵarāj)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	خَرَاج ḵarāj	الْخَرَاج al-ḵarāj	خَرَاج ḵarāj
nominative	خَرَاجٌ ḵarājun	الْخَرَاجُ al-ḵarāju	خَرَاجُ ḵarāju
accusative	خَرَاجًا ḵarājan	الْخَرَاجَ al-ḵarāja	خَرَاجَ ḵarāja
genitive	خَرَاجٍ ḵarājin	الْخَرَاجِ al-ḵarāji	خَرَاجِ ḵarāji
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	خَرَاجَيْن ḵarājayn	الْخَرَاجَيْن al-ḵarājayn	خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay
nominative	خَرَاجَانِ ḵarājāni	الْخَرَاجَانِ al-ḵarājāni	خَرَاجَا ḵarājā
accusative	خَرَاجَيْنِ ḵarājayni	الْخَرَاجَيْنِ al-ḵarājayni	خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay
genitive	خَرَاجَيْنِ ḵarājayni	الْخَرَاجَيْنِ al-ḵarājayni	خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay
plural	basic broken plural triptote‎; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَخْرَاج‎; أَخْرِجَة ʔaḵrāj‎; ʔaḵrija	الْأَخْرَاج‎; الْأَخْرِجَة al-ʔaḵrāj‎; al-ʔaḵrija	أَخْرَاج‎; أَخْرِجَة ʔaḵrāj‎; ʔaḵrijat
nominative	أَخْرَاجٌ‎; أَخْرِجَةٌ ʔaḵrājun‎; ʔaḵrijatun	الْأَخْرَاجُ‎; الْأَخْرِجَةُ al-ʔaḵrāju‎; al-ʔaḵrijatu	أَخْرَاجُ‎; أَخْرِجَةُ ʔaḵrāju‎; ʔaḵrijatu
accusative	أَخْرَاجًا‎; أَخْرِجَةً ʔaḵrājan‎; ʔaḵrijatan	الْأَخْرَاجَ‎; الْأَخْرِجَةَ al-ʔaḵrāja‎; al-ʔaḵrijata	أَخْرَاجَ‎; أَخْرِجَةَ ʔaḵrāja‎; ʔaḵrijata
genitive	أَخْرَاجٍ‎; أَخْرِجَةٍ ʔaḵrājin‎; ʔaḵrijatin	الْأَخْرَاجِ‎; الْأَخْرِجَةِ al-ʔaḵrāji‎; al-ʔaḵrijati	أَخْرَاجِ‎; أَخْرِجَةِ ʔaḵrāji‎; ʔaḵrijati

Descendants

• → English: kharaj
• → Azerbaijani: xərac
• → French: kharaj
• → Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (haraç)
  • Turkish: haraç
  • → Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
  • → Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
  • → Hungarian: harács
  • → Macedonian: арач (arač)
  • → Polish: haracz
  • → Romanian: haraci
  • → Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч
• → Persian: خراج (xarâj)
  • → Punjabi: ਖਰਾਜ (kharāj)
  • → Urdu: خراج (xarāj)
• → Polish: charadż
• → Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
• → Spanish: jarach

Etymology 2

Root
خ ر ج (ḵ r j)
13 terms

Noun

خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))

1. abscess, boil, aposteme

Declension

Declension of noun خُرَاج (ḵurāj)‎; خُرَّاج (ḵurrāj)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	خُرَاج‎; خُرَّاج ḵurāj‎; ḵurrāj	الْخُرَاج‎; الْخُرَّاج al-ḵurāj‎; al-ḵurrāj	خُرَاج‎; خُرَّاج ḵurāj‎; ḵurrāj
nominative	خُرَاجٌ‎; خُرَّاجٌ ḵurājun‎; ḵurrājun	الْخُرَاجُ‎; الْخُرَّاجُ al-ḵurāju‎; al-ḵurrāju	خُرَاجُ‎; خُرَّاجُ ḵurāju‎; ḵurrāju
accusative	خُرَاجًا‎; خُرَّاجًا ḵurājan‎; ḵurrājan	الْخُرَاجَ‎; الْخُرَّاجَ al-ḵurāja‎; al-ḵurrāja	خُرَاجَ‎; خُرَّاجَ ḵurāja‎; ḵurrāja
genitive	خُرَاجٍ‎; خُرَّاجٍ ḵurājin‎; ḵurrājin	الْخُرَاجِ‎; الْخُرَّاجِ al-ḵurāji‎; al-ḵurrāji	خُرَاجِ‎; خُرَّاجِ ḵurāji‎; ḵurrāji
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	خُرَاجَيْن‎; خُرَّاجَيْن ḵurājayn‎; ḵurrājayn	الْخُرَاجَيْن‎; الْخُرَّاجَيْن al-ḵurājayn‎; al-ḵurrājayn	خُرَاجَيْ‎; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay‎; ḵurrājay
nominative	خُرَاجَانِ‎; خُرَّاجَانِ ḵurājāni‎; ḵurrājāni	الْخُرَاجَانِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَانِ al-ḵurājāni‎; al-ḵurrājāni	خُرَاجَا‎; خُرَّاجَا ḵurājā‎; ḵurrājā
accusative	خُرَاجَيْنِ‎; خُرَّاجَيْنِ ḵurājayni‎; ḵurrājayni	الْخُرَاجَيْنِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ al-ḵurājayni‎; al-ḵurrājayni	خُرَاجَيْ‎; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay‎; ḵurrājay
genitive	خُرَاجَيْنِ‎; خُرَّاجَيْنِ ḵurājayni‎; ḵurrājayni	الْخُرَاجَيْنِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ al-ḵurājayni‎; al-ḵurrājayni	خُرَاجَيْ‎; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay‎; ḵurrājay
plural	sound feminine plural
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	خُرَاجَات‎; خُرَّاجَات ḵurājāt‎; ḵurrājāt	الْخُرَاجَات‎; الْخُرَّاجَات al-ḵurājāt‎; al-ḵurrājāt	خُرَاجَات‎; خُرَّاجَات ḵurājāt‎; ḵurrājāt
nominative	خُرَاجَاتٌ‎; خُرَّاجَاتٌ ḵurājātun‎; ḵurrājātun	الْخُرَاجَاتُ‎; الْخُرَّاجَاتُ al-ḵurājātu‎; al-ḵurrājātu	خُرَاجَاتُ‎; خُرَّاجَاتُ ḵurājātu‎; ḵurrājātu
accusative	خُرَاجَاتٍ‎; خُرَّاجَاتٍ ḵurājātin‎; ḵurrājātin	الْخُرَاجَاتِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ al-ḵurājāti‎; al-ḵurrājāti	خُرَاجَاتِ‎; خُرَّاجَاتِ ḵurājāti‎; ḵurrājāti
genitive	خُرَاجَاتٍ‎; خُرَّاجَاتٍ ḵurājātin‎; ḵurrājātin	الْخُرَاجَاتِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ al-ḵurājāti‎; al-ḵurrājāti	خُرَاجَاتِ‎; خُرَّاجَاتِ ḵurājāti‎; ḵurrājāti

Alternative forms

• خُرَاجَة (ḵurāja)

Descendants

• → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)

References

• “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• Burrow, Thomas (1935) “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies‎^[1], volume 7, number 4, page 788 of 779–790
• Henning, Walter Bruno (1935) “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), →DOI, pages 291–293 = Henning, W. B. (1977) Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 14)‎^[2], volume 1, Tehran and Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, pages 355–357
• Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎^[3], Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj, “public levy; tribute”).

Noun

خراج • (harac) (definite accusative خراجی (haracı), plural اخراج (ahrac))

1. tax, impost, tribute, a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed by the government

   Synonym: ویركی (vergi)

2. (Islam) jizya, a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens

   Synonym: جزیه (cizye)

3. poll tax, capitation, head tax, a tax determined as a uniform, fixed amount per individual

Derived terms

• خراججی (haraccı, “tax collector”)
• خراجه كسمك (haraca kesmek, “to extort money from the vanquished”)
• خراجگزار (haraç-güzar, “tributary”)

Descendants

• Turkish: haraç
• → Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
• → Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
• → Hungarian: harács
• → Macedonian: арач (arač)
• → Polish: haracz
• → Romanian: haraci
• → Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “haraç1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1871
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “harâc”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[4] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 390
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[5], Constantinople: Mihran, page 534
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Tributum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[6], Vienna, column 1693
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خراج”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[7], Vienna, column 1871
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “haraç”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خراج”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[8], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 835

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic خُرَاج (ḵurāj, “abscess, boil, aposteme”).

Noun

خراج • (hurac) (definite accusative خراجی (huracı), plural خراجات (huracat))

1. pimple, furuncle, boil, pustule, a localized accumulation of pus in the skin, resulting from infection

   Synonyms: چبان (çıban), دمل (dummel), قبارجق (kabarcık)

2. abscess, a cavity caused by tissue destruction filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue

   Synonyms: چبان (çıban), دمل (dummel)

Descendants

• Turkish: hurac

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hurac”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2007
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “hurâc”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[9] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 456
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[10], Constantinople: Mihran, page 534
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خراج”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[11], Vienna, column 1871
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خراج”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[12], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 835