دستور

Arabic

Etymology

From Persian دستور (dastur).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dus.tuːr/
  • (Kuwait) IPA^(key): /dɪsˈtuːr/, (proscribed) /dɪsˈtoːr/

Noun

دُسْتُور • (dustūr) m (plural دَسَاتِير (dasātīr))

1. (law, government) constitution
2. rule, guideline
3. set of rules
4. action rule
5. model

Declension

Declension of noun دُسْتُور (dustūr)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُسْتُور dustūr	الدُّسْتُور ad-dustūr	دُسْتُور dustūr
nominative	دُسْتُورٌ dustūrun	الدُّسْتُورُ ad-dustūru	دُسْتُورُ dustūru
accusative	دُسْتُورًا dustūran	الدُّسْتُورَ ad-dustūra	دُسْتُورَ dustūra
genitive	دُسْتُورٍ dustūrin	الدُّسْتُورِ ad-dustūri	دُسْتُورِ dustūri
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُسْتُورَيْن dustūrayn	الدُّسْتُورَيْن ad-dustūrayn	دُسْتُورَيْ dustūray
nominative	دُسْتُورَانِ dustūrāni	الدُّسْتُورَانِ ad-dustūrāni	دُسْتُورَا dustūrā
accusative	دُسْتُورَيْنِ dustūrayni	الدُّسْتُورَيْنِ ad-dustūrayni	دُسْتُورَيْ dustūray
genitive	دُسْتُورَيْنِ dustūrayni	الدُّسْتُورَيْنِ ad-dustūrayni	دُسْتُورَيْ dustūray
plural	basic broken plural diptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دَسَاتِير dasātīr	الدَّسَاتِير ad-dasātīr	دَسَاتِير dasātīr
nominative	دَسَاتِيرُ dasātīru	الدَّسَاتِيرُ ad-dasātīru	دَسَاتِيرُ dasātīru
accusative	دَسَاتِيرَ dasātīra	الدَّسَاتِيرَ ad-dasātīra	دَسَاتِيرَ dasātīra
genitive	دَسَاتِيرَ dasātīra	الدَّسَاتِيرِ ad-dasātīri	دَسَاتِيرِ dasātīri

Derived terms

• دُسْتُورِيّ (dustūriyy, “constitutional”)

Descendants

• → Ottoman Turkish: دستور (düstur)
  • Turkish: düstur
• → Swahili: desturi

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic دُسْتُور (dustūr, “rule, set of rules”), from Persian دستور (dastur, “command, order”).

Noun

دستور • (düstur) (definite accusative دستوری (düsturu), plural دستورلر (düsturlar))

1. plenipotentiary, a person invested with full powers, especially a minister or a functionary
2. (Zoroastrianism) dastur, a Zoroastrian high priest ranking above a mobad or herbad
3. permission, authorization, granting, leave, a formal consent from someone in authority

   Synonyms: اجازت (icazet), اذن (izn, izin), رخصت (ruhsat), مساعده (müsâʼade)

4. (law) code, a systematic collection of statutes set forth by a process of codification

Derived terms

• دستور مكرم (düstur-ı mükerrem, “the Right-Honorable minister”)
• دستوری (düsturî, “rank of a minister of state”)

Descendants

• Turkish: düstur

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “düstur”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1332
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “دستور”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[1], Vienna: F. Beck, page 224a
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “دستور”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2], Constantinople: Mihran, page 572
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Licentia”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 948
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “دستور”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 2079
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “düstur”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “دستور”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 903

Persian

Etymology

Multiple origins have been proposed:

• From دست (dast, “hand”) and اور (ur, “fist”).
• From Proto-Iranian *dasta-bara-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas (“hand”) + Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).
• Alternatively, from Proto-Iranian *danh- (“to teach, instruct”), from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“to become skillful; to instruct, teach”), and cognate with Ancient Greek διδάσκω (didáskō, “to teach”) and Hittite [script needed] (dassu-, “strong”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [das.tuːɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äs.t̪ʰuːɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äs.t̪ʰuːɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪äs.t̪ʰuːɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äs.t̪ʰuɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æs.t̪ʰuːɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äs.t̪ʰuɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dastūr
Dari reading?	dastūr
Iranian reading?	dastur
Tajik reading?	dastur

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	دستور
Iranian Persian
Tajik	дастур

دَسْتور • (dastur) (plural دستورها)

1. command, order
2. method, manner, procedure, way
3. guideline, rule
4. permission, leave, authority
   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 1715:

     اذکروا الله شاه ما دستور داد
     اندر آتش دید ما را نور داد

     azkurū Allāh šāh-i mā dastūr dād
     andar ātiš dīd mā rā nūr dād

     Our King (God) has given permission, (saying), “Commemorate Allah”:
     He saw us in the fire and gave us light.

5. basis, foundation
6. model, example, exemplar
7. (law, government) constitution
8. (archaic) statesman, vizier
9. (linguistics) grammar
10. (Zoroastrianism) dastur

Derived terms

• دستوری (dasturi)

Descendants

• → Arabic: دُسْتُور (dustūr)
  • → Ottoman Turkish: دستور (düstur)
    • Turkish: düstur
  • → Swahili: desturi
• → Bengali: দস্তুর (dostur)
• → English: dastur
• → Georgian: დასტური (dasṭuri)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: दस्तूर (dastūr)

  Urdu: دَسْتُور (dastūr)

• → Kazakh: дәстүр (dästür)
• → Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: دەستور (destur)

  Northern Kurdish: destûr

• → Middle Armenian: դաստուր (dastur)
  • Armenian: դաստուր (dastur)
• → Ottoman Turkish: دستور (destur)
• → Punjabi: ਦਸਤੂਰ (dastūr)
• → Uyghur: دەستۇر (destur)

Further reading

• “DASTŪR”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York, 1994

Urdu

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-der.

Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas

Old Persian 𐎭𐎿𐎫 (d-s-t)

Middle Persian 𐭩𐭣𐭤 (ydh)

Persian دَسْت?

Classical Persian دَسْتُور (dastūr)bor.

Urdu دستور

Borrowed from Classical Persian دَسْتُور (dastūr).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d̪əs.t̪uːɾ/
• Rhymes: -uːɾ

Noun

دَسْتُور • (dastūr) m (Hindi spelling दस्तूर)

1. command, order
2. constitution
3. guideline, rule
4. (Zoroastrianism) dastur