شمال
ArabicEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Diachronically from Proto-Semitic *śimāl-, synchronically from ش م ل (š-m-l). Cognate with Hebrew שְׂמֹאל (səmōl, “left”), Akkadian 𒆏 (šumēlum, “left side”), Aramaic סְמָלָא (səmālā) / ܣܡܠܐ (semmālā, “left side”), Coptic ϣⲙⲟⲩⲗ (šmoul), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍 (šmảl). The north sense derives from the left-hand side facing the sunrise, also attested in Sabaean 𐩠𐩦𐩱𐩣𐩡 (hs²ʾml, “to be northward”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
شِمَال • (šimāl) f (plural أَشْمُل (ʾašmul) or شَمَائِل (šamāʾil) or شُمُل (šumul))
DeclensionEdit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote; basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʾašmul; šamāʾil; šumul |
الْأَشْمُل; الشَّمَائِل; الشُّمُل al-ʾašmul; aš-šamāʾil; aš-šumul |
أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʾašmul; šamāʾil; šumul |
Nominative | أَشْمُلٌ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلٌ ʾašmulun; šamāʾilu; šumulun |
الْأَشْمُلُ; الشَّمَائِلُ; الشُّمُلُ al-ʾašmulu; aš-šamāʾilu; aš-šumulu |
أَشْمُلُ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلُ ʾašmulu; šamāʾilu; šumulu |
Accusative | أَشْمُلًا; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلًا ʾašmulan; šamāʾila; šumulan |
الْأَشْمُلَ; الشَّمَائِلَ; الشُّمُلَ al-ʾašmula; aš-šamāʾila; aš-šumula |
أَشْمُلَ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلَ ʾašmula; šamāʾila; šumula |
Genitive | أَشْمُلٍ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلٍ ʾašmulin; šamāʾila; šumulin |
الْأَشْمُلِ; الشَّمَائِلِ; الشُّمُلِ al-ʾašmuli; aš-šamāʾili; aš-šumuli |
أَشْمُلِ; شَمَائِلِ; شُمُلِ ʾašmuli; šamāʾili; šumuli |
SynonymsEdit
- يَسَار (yasār)
AntonymsEdit
- يَمِين (yamīn)
ReferencesEdit
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[1], London: W.H. Allen
- “Proto-Semitic Root: *ŝimaʔl-; Number 2218” in Georgiy Starostin, Tower of Babel, Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin.
Etymology 2Edit
From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to bundle, “to wrap”, “to huddle”, “to be cold” – such senses are influenced by the cold-dry northerly wind necessitating wrapping up with clothes.
NounEdit
شِمَال • (šimāl) m (plural شَمَائِل (šamāʾil))
DeclensionEdit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَائِل šamāʾil |
الشَّمَائِل aš-šamāʾil |
شَمَائِل šamāʾil |
Nominative | شَمَائِلُ šamāʾilu |
الشَّمَائِلُ aš-šamāʾilu |
شَمَائِلُ šamāʾilu |
Accusative | شَمَائِلَ šamāʾila |
الشَّمَائِلَ aš-šamāʾila |
شَمَائِلَ šamāʾila |
Genitive | شَمَائِلَ šamāʾila |
الشَّمَائِلِ aš-šamāʾili |
شَمَائِلِ šamāʾili |
ReferencesEdit
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[2], London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 3Edit
From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to be leftward” – the north direction being the left-hand side facing the sunrise. Additionally it is relatable to the root meaning “to bundle” or “to wrap”, as the cold northern wind necessitated wrapping up with clothes, contrasting with جَنُوب (janūb, “south”) from the root ج ن ب (j-n-b) meaning “changing”, “laying aside” clothes, the warm southern wind allowing to put off clothes.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
شَمَال • (šamāl) m
DeclensionEdit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَال šamāl |
الشَّمَال aš-šamāl |
شَمَال šamāl |
Nominative | شَمَالٌ šamālun |
الشَّمَالُ aš-šamālu |
شَمَالُ šamālu |
Accusative | شَمَالًا šamālan |
الشَّمَالَ aš-šamāla |
شَمَالَ šamāla |
Genitive | شَمَالٍ šamālin |
الشَّمَالِ aš-šamāli |
شَمَالِ šamāli |
Coordinate termsEdit
- (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبَوْصَلَةِ (ittijāhāt al-bawṣalati);
شَمَال غَرْبِيّ (šamāl ḡarbiyy) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْقِيّ (šamāl šarqiyy) |
غَرْب (ḡarb) | شَرْق (šarq) | |
جَنُوب غَرْبِيّ (janūb ḡarbiyy) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْقِيّ (janūb šarqiyy) |
NounEdit
شَمَال • (šamāl) f (plural شَمَالَات (šamālāt))
DeclensionEdit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَال šamāl |
الشَّمَال aš-šamāl |
شَمَال šamāl |
Nominative | شَمَالٌ šamālun |
الشَّمَالُ aš-šamālu |
شَمَالُ šamālu |
Accusative | شَمَالًا šamālan |
الشَّمَالَ aš-šamāla |
شَمَالَ šamāla |
Genitive | شَمَالٍ šamālin |
الشَّمَالِ aš-šamāli |
شَمَالِ šamāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شَمَالَيْن šamālayn |
الشَّمَالَيْن aš-šamālayn |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Nominative | شَمَالَانِ šamālāni |
الشَّمَالَانِ aš-šamālāni |
شَمَالَا šamālā |
Accusative | شَمَالَيْنِ šamālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Genitive | شَمَالَيْنِ šamālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Plural | sound feminine plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَالَات šamālāt |
الشَّمَالَات aš-šamālāt |
شَمَالَات šamālāt |
Nominative | شَمَالَاتٌ šamālātun |
الشَّمَالَاتُ aš-šamālātu |
شَمَالَاتُ šamālātu |
Accusative | شَمَالَاتٍ šamālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ šamālāti |
Genitive | شَمَالَاتٍ šamālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ šamālāti |
ReferencesEdit
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[3], London: W.H. Allen
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “شمل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
ChagataiEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
NounEdit
شمال (šemal)
Moroccan ArabicEdit
Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
شمال • (šamāl) m
Derived termsEdit
- شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
See alsoEdit
(compass points)
شمال | ||
غرب | شرق | |
جنوب |
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
شمال • (šmāl) m
Derived termsEdit
- شمالي (šmāli, “left-handed”)
PersianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
PronunciationEdit
- (Iranian Persian) IPA(key): /ʃoˈmɒːl/
NounEdit
Dari | شمال |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | шимол (šimol) |
شمال • (šomâl)
Derived termsEdit
South Levantine ArabicEdit
Root |
---|
ش م ل |
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
شمال • (šmāl) m
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
شمال • (šamāl) m
Derived termsEdit
- شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
See alsoEdit
(compass points)
شمال (šamāl) | ||
غرب (ḡarb) | شرق (šarq) | |
جنوب (janūb) |
UrduEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Classical Persian شمال (šamāl), itself from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
PronunciationEdit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ʃʊ.mɑːl/, /ʃɪ.mɑːl/
- Rhymes: -ɑːl
NounEdit
شُمال or شِمال • (śumāl or śimāl) m (Hindi spelling शुमाल or शिमाल)
See alsoEdit
(compass points)
شمال مغربی | شمال | شمال مشرقی |
مغرب | مشرق | |
جنوب مغربی | جنوب | جنوب مشرقی |
ReferencesEdit
- “شمال”, in اُردُو لُغَت (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- “شمال”, in Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2023.
UshojoEdit
NounEdit
شمال (šmāl)