شهر
ArabicEdit
EtymologyEdit
From the root ش ه ر (š-h-r). The meaning “month” can be considered a semantic loan from Aramaic סהרא, but compare Old South Arabian 𐩦𐩠𐩧 (“beginning of the lunar month”).
PronunciationEdit
- Verb I: IPA(key): /ʃa.ha.ra/
- Verb II: IPA(key): /ʃah.ha.ra/
- Noun: IPA(key): /ʃahr/
- Noun:
Audio (file)
VerbEdit
شَهَرَ • (šahara) I, non-past يَشْهَرُ (yašharu)
- to spread, to make known, to divulge
- to make well-known, to make famous, to make notorious
- to proclaim, to announce
- to draw (a weapon), to unsheathe
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of
شَهَرَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun شَهْر)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
شَهْر šahr | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
šāhir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mašhūr | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šahartu |
šaharta |
شَهَرَ šahara |
šahartumā |
šaharā |
šaharnā |
šahartum |
šaharū | |||
f | šaharti |
šaharat |
šaharatā |
šahartunna |
šaharna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾašharu |
tašharu |
yašharu |
tašharāni |
yašharāni |
našharu |
tašharūna |
yašharūna | |||
f | tašharīna |
tašharu |
tašharāni |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾašhara |
tašhara |
yašhara |
tašharā |
yašharā |
našhara |
tašharū |
yašharū | |||
f | tašharī |
tašhara |
tašharā |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾašhar |
tašhar |
yašhar |
tašharā |
yašharā |
našhar |
tašharū |
yašharū | |||
f | tašharī |
tašhar |
tašharā |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | išhar |
išharā |
išharū |
||||||||
f | išharī |
išharna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šuhirtu |
šuhirta |
شُهِرَ šuhira |
šuhirtumā |
šuhirā |
šuhirnā |
šuhirtum |
šuhirū | |||
f | šuhirti |
šuhirat |
šuhiratā |
šuhirtunna |
šuhirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾušharu |
tušharu |
yušharu |
tušharāni |
yušharāni |
nušharu |
tušharūna |
yušharūna | |||
f | tušharīna |
tušharu |
tušharāni |
tušharna |
yušharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾušhara |
tušhara |
yušhara |
tušharā |
yušharā |
nušhara |
tušharū |
yušharū | |||
f | tušharī |
tušhara |
tušharā |
tušharna |
yušharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾušhar |
tušhar |
yušhar |
tušharā |
yušharā |
nušhar |
tušharū |
yušharū | |||
f | tušharī |
tušhar |
tušharā |
tušharna |
yušharna |
VerbEdit
شَهَّرَ • (šahhara) II, non-past يُشَهِّرُ (yušahhiru)
- to make well-known, to make famous, to make notorious
- to spread, to make known, to divulge
- to proclaim, to announce
- to defame, to slander, to revile, to pillory, to condemn, to denounce
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of
شَهَّرَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
tašhīr | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
mušahhir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mušahhar | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šahhartu |
šahharta |
شَهَّرَ šahhara |
šahhartumā |
šahharā |
šahharnā |
šahhartum |
šahharū | |||
f | šahharti |
šahharat |
šahharatā |
šahhartunna |
šahharna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾušahhiru |
tušahhiru |
yušahhiru |
tušahhirāni |
yušahhirāni |
nušahhiru |
tušahhirūna |
yušahhirūna | |||
f | tušahhirīna |
tušahhiru |
tušahhirāni |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾušahhira |
tušahhira |
yušahhira |
tušahhirā |
yušahhirā |
nušahhira |
tušahhirū |
yušahhirū | |||
f | tušahhirī |
tušahhira |
tušahhirā |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾušahhir |
tušahhir |
yušahhir |
tušahhirā |
yušahhirā |
nušahhir |
tušahhirū |
yušahhirū | |||
f | tušahhirī |
tušahhir |
tušahhirā |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | شَهِّرْ šahhir |
šahhirā |
šahhirū |
||||||||
f | šahhirī |
šahhirna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šuhhirtu |
šuhhirta |
شُهِّرَ šuhhira |
šuhhirtumā |
šuhhirā |
šuhhirnā |
šuhhirtum |
šuhhirū | |||
f | šuhhirti |
šuhhirat |
šuhhiratā |
šuhhirtunna |
šuhhirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾušahharu |
tušahharu |
yušahharu |
tušahharāni |
yušahharāni |
nušahharu |
tušahharūna |
yušahharūna | |||
f | tušahharīna |
tušahharu |
tušahharāni |
tušahharna |
yušahharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾušahhara |
tušahhara |
yušahhara |
tušahharā |
yušahharā |
nušahhara |
tušahharū |
yušahharū | |||
f | tušahharī |
tušahhara |
tušahharā |
tušahharna |
yušahharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾušahhar |
tušahhar |
yušahhar |
tušahharā |
yušahharā |
nušahhar |
tušahharū |
yušahharū | |||
f | tušahharī |
tušahhar |
tušahharā |
tušahharna |
yušahharna |
NounEdit
شَهْر • (šahr) m (plural أَشْهُر (ʾašhur) or شُهُور (šuhūr))
- verbal noun of شَهَرَ (šahara) (form I)
- month (unit of time)
- new moon (beginning of the lunar month)
DeclensionEdit
Declension of noun شَهْر (šahr)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَهْر šahr |
الشَّهْر aš-šahr |
شَهْر šahr |
Nominative | شَهْرٌ šahrun |
الشَّهْرُ aš-šahru |
شَهْرُ šahru |
Accusative | شَهْرًا šahran |
الشَّهْرَ aš-šahra |
شَهْرَ šahra |
Genitive | شَهْرٍ šahrin |
الشَّهْرِ aš-šahri |
شَهْرِ šahri |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شَهْرَيْن šahrayn |
الشَّهْرَيْن aš-šahrayn |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Nominative | شَهْرَانِ šahrāni |
الشَّهْرَانِ aš-šahrāni |
شَهْرَا šahrā |
Accusative | شَهْرَيْنِ šahrayni |
الشَّهْرَيْنِ aš-šahrayni |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Genitive | شَهْرَيْنِ šahrayni |
الشَّهْرَيْنِ aš-šahrayni |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَشْهُر; شُهُور ʾašhur; šuhūr |
الْأَشْهُر; الشُّهُور al-ʾašhur; aš-šuhūr |
أَشْهُر; شُهُور ʾašhur; šuhūr |
Nominative | أَشْهُرٌ; شُهُورٌ ʾašhurun; šuhūrun |
الْأَشْهُرُ; الشُّهُورُ al-ʾašhuru; aš-šuhūru |
أَشْهُرُ; شُهُورُ ʾašhuru; šuhūru |
Accusative | أَشْهُرًا; شُهُورًا ʾašhuran; šuhūran |
الْأَشْهُرَ; الشُّهُورَ al-ʾašhura; aš-šuhūra |
أَشْهُرَ; شُهُورَ ʾašhura; šuhūra |
Genitive | أَشْهُرٍ; شُهُورٍ ʾašhurin; šuhūrin |
الْأَشْهُرِ; الشُّهُورِ al-ʾašhuri; aš-šuhūri |
أَشْهُرِ; شُهُورِ ʾašhuri; šuhūri |
ReferencesEdit
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, page 186–187
- Wehr, Hans; Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985), “شهر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 680
Moroccan ArabicEdit
Ottoman TurkishEdit
PersianEdit
Dari Persian | شهر |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | шаҳр (šahr) |
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (šahr), from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram (likely through Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), compare Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”).
PronunciationEdit
- (Iranian Persian) IPA(key): /ʃæhɾ/, [ʃæhɾ], [ʃæːhɾ]
NounEdit
شهر • (šahr) (plural شهرها (šahr-hâ))
Related termsEdit
- شهری (šahri, “civic, urban”)
- شهرستان (šahrestân, “province”)
- شهرک (šahrak, “town”)
- شهرنشین (šahrnešin)
- شهرسازی (šahrsâzi)
- شهرآورد (šahrâvard)
- ایرانشهر (Iranšahr)
DescendantsEdit
- → Azerbaijani: şəhər
- → Bengali: শহর (shôhôr)
- → Crimean Tatar: şeer
- → Hindi: शहर (śahr)
- → Karachay Balkar: шахар (śahar)
- → Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
- → Kurdish: şar
- → Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
- → Marathi: शहर (śahar) (śahar)
- → Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir)
- → Urdu: شہر (šahr)
- → Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
- → Uzbek: shahar
- → Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)