شهر
Arabic edit
Etymology edit
From the root ش ه ر (š-h-r). Compare Aramaic סהרא and Old South Arabian 𐩦𐩠𐩧 (s²hr, “beginning of the lunar month”).
Pronunciation 1 edit
- Verb I: IPA(key): /ʃa.ha.ra/
- Verb II: IPA(key): /ʃah.ha.ra/
- Noun: IPA(key): /ʃahr/
- Noun:
Audio (file)
Verb edit
شَهَرَ • (šahara) I, non-past يَشْهَرُ (yašharu)
- to spread, to make known, to divulge
- to make well-known, to make famous, to make notorious
- to proclaim, to announce
- to draw (a weapon), to unsheathe
Conjugation edit
verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
شَهْر or شُهْرَة šahr or šuhra | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
šāhir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mašhūr | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šahartu |
šaharta |
شَهَرَ šahara |
šahartumā |
šaharā |
šaharnā |
šahartum |
šaharū | |||
f | šaharti |
šaharat |
šaharatā |
šahartunna |
šaharna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔašharu |
tašharu |
yašharu |
tašharāni |
yašharāni |
našharu |
tašharūna |
yašharūna | |||
f | tašharīna |
tašharu |
tašharāni |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔašhara |
tašhara |
yašhara |
tašharā |
yašharā |
našhara |
tašharū |
yašharū | |||
f | tašharī |
tašhara |
tašharā |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔašhar |
tašhar |
yašhar |
tašharā |
yašharā |
našhar |
tašharū |
yašharū | |||
f | tašharī |
tašhar |
tašharā |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | išhar |
išharā |
išharū |
||||||||
f | išharī |
išharna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šuhirtu |
šuhirta |
شُهِرَ šuhira |
šuhirtumā |
šuhirā |
šuhirnā |
šuhirtum |
šuhirū | |||
f | šuhirti |
šuhirat |
šuhiratā |
šuhirtunna |
šuhirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔušharu |
tušharu |
yušharu |
tušharāni |
yušharāni |
nušharu |
tušharūna |
yušharūna | |||
f | tušharīna |
tušharu |
tušharāni |
tušharna |
yušharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔušhara |
tušhara |
yušhara |
tušharā |
yušharā |
nušhara |
tušharū |
yušharū | |||
f | tušharī |
tušhara |
tušharā |
tušharna |
yušharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔušhar |
tušhar |
yušhar |
tušharā |
yušharā |
nušhar |
tušharū |
yušharū | |||
f | tušharī |
tušhar |
tušharā |
tušharna |
yušharna |
Verb edit
شَهَّرَ • (šahhara) II, non-past يُشَهِّرُ (yušahhiru)
- to make well-known, to make famous, to make notorious
- to spread, to make known, to divulge
- to proclaim, to announce
- to defame, to slander, to revile, to pillory, to condemn, to denounce
Conjugation edit
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
tašhīr | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
mušahhir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mušahhar | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šahhartu |
šahharta |
شَهَّرَ šahhara |
šahhartumā |
šahharā |
šahharnā |
šahhartum |
šahharū | |||
f | šahharti |
šahharat |
šahharatā |
šahhartunna |
šahharna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔušahhiru |
tušahhiru |
yušahhiru |
tušahhirāni |
yušahhirāni |
nušahhiru |
tušahhirūna |
yušahhirūna | |||
f | tušahhirīna |
tušahhiru |
tušahhirāni |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔušahhira |
tušahhira |
yušahhira |
tušahhirā |
yušahhirā |
nušahhira |
tušahhirū |
yušahhirū | |||
f | tušahhirī |
tušahhira |
tušahhirā |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔušahhir |
tušahhir |
yušahhir |
tušahhirā |
yušahhirā |
nušahhir |
tušahhirū |
yušahhirū | |||
f | tušahhirī |
tušahhir |
tušahhirā |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | شَهِّرْ šahhir |
šahhirā |
šahhirū |
||||||||
f | šahhirī |
šahhirna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šuhhirtu |
šuhhirta |
شُهِّرَ šuhhira |
šuhhirtumā |
šuhhirā |
šuhhirnā |
šuhhirtum |
šuhhirū | |||
f | šuhhirti |
šuhhirat |
šuhhiratā |
šuhhirtunna |
šuhhirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔušahharu |
tušahharu |
yušahharu |
tušahharāni |
yušahharāni |
nušahharu |
tušahharūna |
yušahharūna | |||
f | tušahharīna |
tušahharu |
tušahharāni |
tušahharna |
yušahharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔušahhara |
tušahhara |
yušahhara |
tušahharā |
yušahharā |
nušahhara |
tušahharū |
yušahharū | |||
f | tušahharī |
tušahhara |
tušahharā |
tušahharna |
yušahharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔušahhar |
tušahhar |
yušahhar |
tušahharā |
yušahharā |
nušahhar |
tušahharū |
yušahharū | |||
f | tušahharī |
tušahhar |
tušahharā |
tušahharna |
yušahharna |
Pronunciation 2 edit
Noun edit
شَهْر • (šahr) m (plural أَشْهُر (ʔašhur) or شُهُور (šuhūr))
- verbal noun of شَهَرَ (šahara) (form I)
- month (unit of time)
- new moon (beginning of the lunar month)
Declension edit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَهْر šahr |
الشَّهْر aš-šahr |
شَهْر šahr |
Nominative | شَهْرٌ šahrun |
الشَّهْرُ aš-šahru |
شَهْرُ šahru |
Accusative | شَهْرًا šahran |
الشَّهْرَ aš-šahra |
شَهْرَ šahra |
Genitive | شَهْرٍ šahrin |
الشَّهْرِ aš-šahri |
شَهْرِ šahri |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شَهْرَيْن šahrayn |
الشَّهْرَيْن aš-šahrayn |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Nominative | شَهْرَانِ šahrāni |
الشَّهْرَانِ aš-šahrāni |
شَهْرَا šahrā |
Accusative | شَهْرَيْنِ šahrayni |
الشَّهْرَيْنِ aš-šahrayni |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Genitive | شَهْرَيْنِ šahrayni |
الشَّهْرَيْنِ aš-šahrayni |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَشْهُر; شُهُور ʔašhur; šuhūr |
الْأَشْهُر; الشُّهُور al-ʔašhur; aš-šuhūr |
أَشْهُر; شُهُور ʔašhur; šuhūr |
Nominative | أَشْهُرٌ; شُهُورٌ ʔašhurun; šuhūrun |
الْأَشْهُرُ; الشُّهُورُ al-ʔašhuru; aš-šuhūru |
أَشْهُرُ; شُهُورُ ʔašhuru; šuhūru |
Accusative | أَشْهُرًا; شُهُورًا ʔašhuran; šuhūran |
الْأَشْهُرَ; الشُّهُورَ al-ʔašhura; aš-šuhūra |
أَشْهُرَ; شُهُورَ ʔašhura; šuhūra |
Genitive | أَشْهُرٍ; شُهُورٍ ʔašhurin; šuhūrin |
الْأَشْهُرِ; الشُّهُورِ al-ʔašhuri; aš-šuhūri |
أَشْهُرِ; شُهُورِ ʔašhuri; šuhūri |
References edit
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 186–187
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شهر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[1] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 680
Egyptian Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
شهر • (šahr) m (dual شهرين (šahrēn), plural شهور (šuhūr), paucal تشهر (tušhur))
Moroccan Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
شهر • (šhar) m (dual شهرين (šahrayn), plural شهور (šhūr) or شهورة (šhūra))
See also edit
Gregorian calendar months in Moroccan Arabic · شهور التقويم الميلادي (šhūr et-taqwīm el-mīlādi) (layout · text) | |||
---|---|---|---|
January | February | March | April |
شهر واحد (šhar wāḥid) يناير (yanāyir) |
شهر جوج (šhar jūj) فبراير (fibrāyir) |
شهر تلاتة (šhar tlāta) مارس (māris) |
شهر ربعة (šhar rabʕa) أبريل (abrīl) |
May | June | July | August |
شهر خمسة (šhar ḵamsa) ماي (māy) |
شهر ستة (šhar sitta) يونيو (yūnyu) |
شهر سبعة (šhar sabʕa) يوليوز (yūlyūz) |
شهر تمنية (šhar tmanya) غشت (ḡušt) |
September | October | November | December |
شهر تسعة (šhar tisʕa) شهر تسعود (šhar tisʕūd) شتنبر (šutanbir) |
شهر عشرة (šhar ʕašra) أكتوبر (ʔuktūbar) |
شهر حداش (šhar ḥdāš) نونبر (nuwanbir) |
شهر تناش (šhar tnāš) دجنبر (dujanbir) |
Ottoman Turkish edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Persian شهر (šahr, “city, town”).
Noun edit
شهر • (şehir)
Derived terms edit
- آلاشهر (alaşehir, “town in Manisa province”)
- اسكی شهر (eski şehir, “a city in Turkey”)
- شهر امینی (şehir emini, “prefect”)
- شهر اوغلانی (şehir oğlanı, “street Arab”)
- شهربند (şehirbend, “the walls around a city”)
- شهرستان (şehirstan, “country full of cities”)
- شهرلو (şehirli, “townsman”)
- نوشهر (nevşehir, “Nevşehir”)
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “şehir2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4448
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “شهر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[2], Constantinople: Mihran, page 738
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Urbs”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[3], Vienna, column 1793
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “شهر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[4], Vienna, column 2886
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “şehir”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “شهر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1143
Persian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štry /šahr/) (compare Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/)), from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám. Compare Pashto ښار (ẍâr) and Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra).
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʃahɾ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʃæɦɹ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʃäɦɾ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | šahr |
Dari reading? | šahr |
Iranian reading? | šahr |
Tajik reading? | šahr |
Noun edit
Dari | شهر |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | шаҳр |
شَهْر • (šahr) (plural شهرها (šahr-hâ))
- city, town
- بزرگترین شهر ایران ― bozorgtarin šahr-e irân ― largest city in Iran
- (obsolete) land, country, realm
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Tale of Rustam and Isfandiyār”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings][6]:
- چو او شهر ایران به گشتاسپ داد
نیامد ترا هیچ زان تخت یاد
سوی او یکی نامه ننوشتهای
از آرایش بندگی گشتهای- čū ō šahr-i ērān ba guštāsp dād
nay-āmad tu-rā hēč z-ān taxt yād
sōy-i ō yakē nāma na-niwišta'ī
az ārāyiš-i bandagī gašta'ī - When he gave the realm of Iran to Gushtāsp,
You did not remember that throne at all;
You did not write a single letter to him,
You turned away from the adornment of vassalage.
- čū ō šahr-i ērān ba guštāsp dād
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
- Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
- → Azerbaijani: şəhər
- → Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
- → Bengali: শহর (śohor)
- → Crimean Tatar: şeer
- → Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
- → Hindustani:
- → Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
- → Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
- → Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
- → Northern Kurdish: şar
- → Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
- → Marathi: शहर (śahar)
- → Nepali: सहर (sahar)
- → Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir)
- → Punjabi:
- → Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
- → Uzbek: shahar
South Levantine Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
شهر • (šahr) m (plural أشهر (ʔašhor) or شهور (šhūr))
See also edit
- (units of time) وحدات الوقت (waḥdāt il-waʔt); سنة (sane, “year”), شهر (šahr, “month”), أسبوع (ʔusbūʕ, “week”), يوم (yōm, “day”), ساعة (sāʕa, “hour”), دقيقة (daʔīʔa, “minute”), ثانية (ṯānye, “second”), لحظة (laḥẓa, “moment”)
Gregorian calendar months in South Levantine Arabic · أشهر التقويم الميلادي (ʔašhor it-taqwīm il-mīlādi) (layout · text) | |||
---|---|---|---|
January | February | March | April |
شهر واحد (šahr wāḥad), كانون التاني (kānūn it-tāni) |
شهر تنين (šahr tnēn), شباط (šbāṭ) |
شهر تلاتة (šahr talāte), آذار (ʔāḏār) |
شهر أربعة (šahr arbaʕa), نيسان (nīsān) |
May | June | July | August |
شهر خمسة (šahr ḵamse), أيّار (ʔayyār) |
شهر ستّة (šahr sitte), حزيران (ḥazīrān) |
شهر سبعة (šahr sabʕa), تمّوز (tammūz) |
شهر تمانية (šahr tamanye), آب (ʔāb) |
September | October | November | December |
شهر تسعة (šahr tisʕa), أيلول (ʔēlūl) |
شهر عشرة (šahr ʕašara), تشرين الأوّل (tišrīn il-ʔawwal) |
شهر حدعش (šahr ḥdaʕš), تشرين التاني (tišrīn it-tāni) |
شهر تنعش (šahr tnaʕš), كانون الأوّل (kānūn il-ʔawwal) |
Tunisian Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
شهر (šhar) m (dual شهرين (šahrīn), plural أشهرة (ušhra))
See also edit
Gregorian calendar months in Tunisian Arabic · أشهرة سوري (layout · text) | |||
---|---|---|---|
January | February | March | April |
جانفي | فيفري | مارس | أفريل |
May | June | July | August |
ماي | جوان | جويلية | أوت |
September | October | November | December |
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