صرف
ArabicEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From the root ص ر ف (ṣ-r-f).
VerbEdit
صَرَفَ • (ṣarafa) I, non-past يَصْرِفُ (yaṣrifu)
- to turn
- to divert, to turn away, to avert
- to dismiss, to send away
- (grammar) to inflect (a noun) with tanween
- to change (money)
- to spend (money, time)
- to embellish (a speech)
- to deliver, distribute
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of
صَرَفَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun صَرْف)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
صَرْف ṣarf | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
ṣārif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
maṣrūf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣaraftu |
ṣarafta |
صَرَفَ ṣarafa |
ṣaraftumā |
ṣarafā |
ṣarafnā |
ṣaraftum |
ṣarafū | |||
f | ṣarafti |
ṣarafat |
ṣarafatā |
ṣaraftunna |
ṣarafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾaṣrifu |
taṣrifu |
yaṣrifu |
taṣrifāni |
yaṣrifāni |
naṣrifu |
taṣrifūna |
yaṣrifūna | |||
f | taṣrifīna |
taṣrifu |
taṣrifāni |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾaṣrifa |
taṣrifa |
yaṣrifa |
taṣrifā |
yaṣrifā |
naṣrifa |
taṣrifū |
yaṣrifū | |||
f | taṣrifī |
taṣrifa |
taṣrifā |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾaṣrif |
taṣrif |
yaṣrif |
taṣrifā |
yaṣrifā |
naṣrif |
taṣrifū |
yaṣrifū | |||
f | taṣrifī |
taṣrif |
taṣrifā |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | iṣrif |
iṣrifā |
iṣrifū |
||||||||
f | iṣrifī |
iṣrifna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣuriftu |
ṣurifta |
صُرِفَ ṣurifa |
ṣuriftumā |
ṣurifā |
ṣurifnā |
ṣuriftum |
ṣurifū | |||
f | ṣurifti |
ṣurifat |
ṣurifatā |
ṣuriftunna |
ṣurifna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾuṣrafu |
tuṣrafu |
yuṣrafu |
tuṣrafāni |
yuṣrafāni |
nuṣrafu |
tuṣrafūna |
yuṣrafūna | |||
f | tuṣrafīna |
tuṣrafu |
tuṣrafāni |
tuṣrafna |
yuṣrafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuṣrafa |
tuṣrafa |
yuṣrafa |
tuṣrafā |
yuṣrafā |
nuṣrafa |
tuṣrafū |
yuṣrafū | |||
f | tuṣrafī |
tuṣrafa |
tuṣrafā |
tuṣrafna |
yuṣrafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuṣraf |
tuṣraf |
yuṣraf |
tuṣrafā |
yuṣrafā |
nuṣraf |
tuṣrafū |
yuṣrafū | |||
f | tuṣrafī |
tuṣraf |
tuṣrafā |
tuṣrafna |
yuṣrafna |
VerbEdit
صَرَّفَ • (ṣarrafa) II, non-past يُصَرِّفُ (yuṣarrifu)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.-
- اُنْظُرْ كَيْفَ نُصَرِّفُ الْآيَاتِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَفْقَهُونَ
- unẓur kayfa nuṣarrifu l-ʾāyāti laʿallahum yafqahūna
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.-
- وَلَقَدْ صَرَّفْنَاهُ بَيْنَهُمْ لِيَذَّكَّرُوا فَأَبَىٰ أَكْثَرُ النَّاسِ إِلَّا كُفُورًا
- walaqad ṣarrafnāhu baynahum liyaḏḏakkarū faʾabā ʾakṯaru n-nāsi ʾillā kufūran
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.-
- إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ ٱلسَّمَاوَاتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ وَٱخْتِلَافِ ٱللَّيْلِ وَٱلنَّهَارِ وَٱلْفُلْكِ ٱلَّتِي تَجْرِي فِي ٱلْبَحْرِ بِمَا يَنْفَعُ ٱلنَّاسَ وَمَا أَنْزَلَ ٱللَّهُ مِنَ ٱلسَّمَاءِ مِن مَاءٍ فَأَحْيَا بِهِ ٱلْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَا وَبَثَّ فِيهَا مِنْ كُلِّ دَابَّةٍ وَتَصْرِيفِ ٱلرِّيَاحِ وَٱلسَّحَابِ ٱلْمُسَخَّرِ بَيْنَ ٱلسَّمَاءِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ لَآيَاتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ
- ʾinna fī ḵalqi s-samāwāti wal-ʾarḍi waḵtilāfi l-layli wan-nahāri wal-fulki llatī tajrī fī l-baḥri bimā yanfaʿu n-nāsa wamā ʾanzala l-lahu mina s-samāʾi min māʾin faʾaḥyā bihi l-ʾarḍa baʿda mawtihā wabaṯṯa fīhā min kulli dābbatin wataṣrīfi r-riyāḥi was-saḥābi l-musaḵḵari bayna s-samāʾi wal-ʾarḍi laʾāyātin lliqawmin yaʿqilūna
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
- (linguistic morphology) to inflect
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of
صَرَّفَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
taṣrīf | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muṣarrif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muṣarraf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣarraftu |
ṣarrafta |
صَرَّفَ ṣarrafa |
ṣarraftumā |
ṣarrafā |
ṣarrafnā |
ṣarraftum |
ṣarrafū | |||
f | ṣarrafti |
ṣarrafat |
ṣarrafatā |
ṣarraftunna |
ṣarrafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾuṣarrifu |
tuṣarrifu |
yuṣarrifu |
tuṣarrifāni |
yuṣarrifāni |
nuṣarrifu |
tuṣarrifūna |
yuṣarrifūna | |||
f | tuṣarrifīna |
tuṣarrifu |
tuṣarrifāni |
tuṣarrifna |
yuṣarrifna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuṣarrifa |
tuṣarrifa |
yuṣarrifa |
tuṣarrifā |
yuṣarrifā |
nuṣarrifa |
tuṣarrifū |
yuṣarrifū | |||
f | tuṣarrifī |
tuṣarrifa |
tuṣarrifā |
tuṣarrifna |
yuṣarrifna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuṣarrif |
tuṣarrif |
yuṣarrif |
tuṣarrifā |
yuṣarrifā |
nuṣarrif |
tuṣarrifū |
yuṣarrifū | |||
f | tuṣarrifī |
tuṣarrif |
tuṣarrifā |
tuṣarrifna |
yuṣarrifna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | صَرِّفْ ṣarrif |
ṣarrifā |
ṣarrifū |
||||||||
f | ṣarrifī |
ṣarrifna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣurriftu |
ṣurrifta |
صُرِّفَ ṣurrifa |
ṣurriftumā |
ṣurrifā |
ṣurrifnā |
ṣurriftum |
ṣurrifū | |||
f | ṣurrifti |
ṣurrifat |
ṣurrifatā |
ṣurriftunna |
ṣurrifna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾuṣarrafu |
tuṣarrafu |
yuṣarrafu |
tuṣarrafāni |
yuṣarrafāni |
nuṣarrafu |
tuṣarrafūna |
yuṣarrafūna | |||
f | tuṣarrafīna |
tuṣarrafu |
tuṣarrafāni |
tuṣarrafna |
yuṣarrafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuṣarrafa |
tuṣarrafa |
yuṣarrafa |
tuṣarrafā |
yuṣarrafā |
nuṣarrafa |
tuṣarrafū |
yuṣarrafū | |||
f | tuṣarrafī |
tuṣarrafa |
tuṣarrafā |
tuṣarrafna |
yuṣarrafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuṣarraf |
tuṣarraf |
yuṣarraf |
tuṣarrafā |
yuṣarrafā |
nuṣarraf |
tuṣarrafū |
yuṣarrafū | |||
f | tuṣarrafī |
tuṣarraf |
tuṣarrafā |
tuṣarrafna |
yuṣarrafna |
VerbEdit
صَرَفَ • (ṣarafa) I, non-past يَصْرِفُ (yaṣrifu)
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of
صَرَفَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun صُرُوف)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
ṣurūf | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
ṣārif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
maṣrūf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣaraftu |
ṣarafta |
صَرَفَ ṣarafa |
ṣaraftumā |
ṣarafā |
ṣarafnā |
ṣaraftum |
ṣarafū | |||
f | ṣarafti |
ṣarafat |
ṣarafatā |
ṣaraftunna |
ṣarafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾaṣrifu |
taṣrifu |
yaṣrifu |
taṣrifāni |
yaṣrifāni |
naṣrifu |
taṣrifūna |
yaṣrifūna | |||
f | taṣrifīna |
taṣrifu |
taṣrifāni |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾaṣrifa |
taṣrifa |
yaṣrifa |
taṣrifā |
yaṣrifā |
naṣrifa |
taṣrifū |
yaṣrifū | |||
f | taṣrifī |
taṣrifa |
taṣrifā |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾaṣrif |
taṣrif |
yaṣrif |
taṣrifā |
yaṣrifā |
naṣrif |
taṣrifū |
yaṣrifū | |||
f | taṣrifī |
taṣrif |
taṣrifā |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | iṣrif |
iṣrifā |
iṣrifū |
||||||||
f | iṣrifī |
iṣrifna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣuriftu |
ṣurifta |
صُرِفَ ṣurifa |
ṣuriftumā |
ṣurifā |
ṣurifnā |
ṣuriftum |
ṣurifū | |||
f | ṣurifti |
ṣurifat |
ṣurifatā |
ṣuriftunna |
ṣurifna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾuṣrafu |
tuṣrafu |
yuṣrafu |
tuṣrafāni |
yuṣrafāni |
nuṣrafu |
tuṣrafūna |
yuṣrafūna | |||
f | tuṣrafīna |
tuṣrafu |
tuṣrafāni |
tuṣrafna |
yuṣrafna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuṣrafa |
tuṣrafa |
yuṣrafa |
tuṣrafā |
yuṣrafā |
nuṣrafa |
tuṣrafū |
yuṣrafū | |||
f | tuṣrafī |
tuṣrafa |
tuṣrafā |
tuṣrafna |
yuṣrafna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuṣraf |
tuṣraf |
yuṣraf |
tuṣrafā |
yuṣrafā |
nuṣraf |
tuṣrafū |
yuṣrafū | |||
f | tuṣrafī |
tuṣraf |
tuṣrafā |
tuṣrafna |
yuṣrafna |
VerbEdit
صَرَفَ • (ṣarafa) I, non-past يَصْرِفُ (yaṣrifu)
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of
صَرَفَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun صَرِيف)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
ṣarīf | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
ṣārif | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
maṣrūf | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ṣaraftu |
ṣarafta |
صَرَفَ ṣarafa |
ṣaraftumā |
ṣarafā |
ṣarafnā |
ṣaraftum |
ṣarafū | |||
f | ṣarafti |
ṣarafat |
ṣarafatā |
ṣaraftunna |
ṣarafna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʾaṣrifu |
taṣrifu |
yaṣrifu |
taṣrifāni |
yaṣrifāni |
naṣrifu |
taṣrifūna |
yaṣrifūna | |||
f | taṣrifīna |
taṣrifu |
taṣrifāni |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾaṣrifa |
taṣrifa |
yaṣrifa |
taṣrifā |
yaṣrifā |
naṣrifa |
taṣrifū |
yaṣrifū | |||
f | taṣrifī |
taṣrifa |
taṣrifā |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾaṣrif |
taṣrif |
yaṣrif |
taṣrifā |
yaṣrifā |
naṣrif |
taṣrifū |
yaṣrifū | |||
f | taṣrifī |
taṣrif |
taṣrifā |
taṣrifna |
yaṣrifna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | iṣrif |
iṣrifā |
iṣrifū |
||||||||
f | iṣrifī |
iṣrifna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | — | — | صُرِفَ ṣurifa |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | — | — | yuṣrafu |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | — | — | yuṣrafa |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | — | — | yuṣraf |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — |
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
صَرْف • (ṣarf) m
- verbal noun of صَرَفَ (ṣarafa) (form I)
- averting, turning away
- expenditure, expense
- delivery, distribution
- (grammar) morphology, the breaking down and manipulating of roots
- 1894, Al-Hamalāwi, Ahmad, “مُقَدِّمَة فِي تَعْرِيفِ الصَّرْفِ [Introduction]”, in Muḥammad Aḥmad Qāsim, editor, شذا العرف في فن الصرف (in Arabic), المكتبة العصرية, published 2003, →ISBN, page 23:
- الصَّرفُ، ويُقال له التصريف، وهو لغة: التغيير، ومن تصريف الرياح، أي: تغييرها[١]. واصطلاحاً بالمعنى العَمَليّ: تحويل الأصل الواحد إلى أمثلة مختلفة، لمعان مقصودة، لا تحصل إلّا بها، كاسمي الفاعل والمفعول، واسم التفضيل، والتثنية والجمع، إلى غير ذلك[٢]. وبالمعنى العِلْميّ[٣]: علم بأصول يُعْرف بها أحوالُ أبنية الكلمة، التي ليست بإعراب ولا بناء(١).
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- (grammar) inflection of nouns with tanween
DeclensionEdit
Declension of noun صَرْف (ṣarf)
PersianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
NounEdit
صرف • (sarf)
Derived termsEdit
- صرف کردن (sarf kardan)
Etymology 2Edit
From Arabic صِرْف (ṣirf). Of likely Iranian origin; compare Old Armenian սուրբ (surb), Sanskrit शुभ्र (śubhra).
PronunciationEdit
- (Classical Persian): IPA(key): /siɾf/
Dari | صرف |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | فقط |
Tajik | фақат, сирф (faqat, sirf) |
AdjectiveEdit
صرف • (serf)
AdverbEdit
صرف • (serf)
Derived termsEdit
- صرفاً (serfan)
South Levantine ArabicEdit
Root |
---|
ص ر ف |
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
صرف • (ṣaraf) (form I, present بصرف (boṣrof))
- to spend money
- to change money (to another currency or into smaller units)
- to dismiss, to fire (from work)
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of صرف (ṣaraf) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
past | m | صرفت (ṣaraft) | صرفت (ṣaraft) | صرف (ṣaraf) | صرفنا (ṣarafna) | صرفتو (ṣaraftu) | صرفو (ṣarafu) | |
f | صرفتي (ṣarafti) | صرفت (ṣarfat) | ||||||
present | m | بصرف (baṣrof) | بتصرف (btoṣrof) | بصرف (boṣrof) | منصرف (mnoṣrof) | بتصرفو (btoṣrofu) | بصرفو (boṣrofu) | |
f | بتصرفي (btoṣrofi) | بتصرف (btoṣrof) | ||||||
subjunctive | m | أصرف (ʔaṣrof) | تصرف (toṣrof) | يصرف (yoṣrof) | نصرف (noṣrof) | تصرفو (toṣrofu) | يصرفو (yoṣrofu) | |
f | تصرفي (toṣrofi) | تصرف (toṣrof) | ||||||
imperative | m | اصرف (oṣrof) | اصرفو (oṣrofu) | |||||
f | اصرفي (oṣrofi) |
UrduEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Borrowed from Persian صرف (sirf), from Arabic صِرْف (ṣirf).
AdverbEdit
صرف • (sirf) (Hindi spelling सिर्फ़)
- only, just
- مجھے صرف دو اور روپے کی ضرورت ہے۔
- mujhe sirf do aur rupe kī zarūrat hai.
- I only need two more rupees.
- Synonym: بس (bas)
AdjectiveEdit
صرف • (sirf) (Hindi spelling सिर्फ़)
- only
- صرف دو منٹ ― sirf do minaṭ ― only two minutes
Etymology 2Edit
Borrowed from Persian صرف (sarf), from Arabic صرْف.